USamuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887 - 1964) wayengumsunguli wezincwadi zezingane zaseSoviet. Akakwazanga ukunxusa abafundi abancane ngemilingo engapheli yezinganekwane (yize izinganekwane zakhe zizinhle kakhulu), hhayi ukuthi angene ekuziphatheni okujulile “Inyanga ibheka ngemuva kwamagatsha - inyanga izithanda izingane ezihlakaniphile”) hhayi ukushintshela olimini lwezingane olwenziwe lula. Imisebenzi yakhe yezingane ilula, iyaqondakala, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ihlale inemfundo ejulile, nezisusa zemibono. Futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ulimi lwaseMarshak, olungenakho ukuzenzisa kwangaphandle, lucacisa kakhulu. Lokhu kuvumele ama-animators ukuthi ajwayele kalula umsebenzi omningi wezingane zikaSamuil Yakovlevich.
UMarshak waduma hhayi ngemisebenzi yezingane kuphela. Ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe kwavela ubuciko besikole sokuhumusha saseRussia. S. Ya. UMarshak waphumelela ikakhulukazi ekuhumusheni kusuka esiNgisini. Kwesinye isikhathi wayekwazi ukubamba isigqi nezisusa ezinkondlweni zikaShakespeare noma uKipling, okunzima kakhulu ukuzithola lapho ufunda imisebenzi yakudala koqobo. Izinguqulo eziningi zikaMarshak ezivela esiNgisini zithathwa njengezijwayelekile. Umbhali uphinde wahumusha izinkondlo zikaMao Zedong ezivela ezilimini zabantu abambalwa baseSoviet Union, ngisho naseChina.
Umbhali wayenamakhono amahle kakhulu okuhlela. Wadala eziningi, njengoba bezisho manje, "ukuqala". Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uSamuel wasiza amakhaya ezintandane. E-Krasnodar, uMarshak wakha inkundla yezingane, uhlobo lwayo olwalusanda kuvela eRussia. EPetrograd, waba nesitudiyo sababhali bezingane esasithandwa kakhulu. UMarshak wahlela umagazini i- "Sparrow", okuqoqwe kuwo iqembu lakhe, ngokuhamba ngemagazini i- "New Robinson", kwazalwa igatsha laseLeningrad "iDetgiz". Futhi esikhathini esizayo wakwazi ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wokubhala nomsebenzi wenhlangano, futhi wasiza inqwaba yozakwabo abasebasha.
1. Omunye wababhali abaphambili be-Samuil Marshak, uMatvey Geyser, wabhala izinkondlo ebuntwaneni ezazithandwa yibo bonke afunda nabo esikoleni. Ofunda nabo baze baqoqa izinkondlo eziyishumi nambili ezivela kuma-albhamu amantombazane nasemaphephandabeni asodongeni lwesikole, bazithumela ku- “Pionerskaya Pravda”. Ukusuka lapho kwafika impendulo ngesifiso sokufunda kabanzi uPushkin, uLermontov, njll. Ababefunda nabo abathukuthele bathumela izinkondlo ezifanayo kuMarshak. Umbhali uphinde walibuyisa lonke iqoqo, echaza ukushiyeka kwelinye lamavesi. Ngemuva kokuphikwa okugunyaziwe, uGlazer wayeka ukubhala izinkondlo. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi waba nenhlanhla yokuvakashela uSamuil Yakovlevich njengesivakashi. Cabanga ukumangala kwakhe lapho uMarshak engakhumbuli izinkondlo zobuntwana kuphela, kodwa futhi efunda enye yezinkondlo zikaMathewu ngekhanda. U-Leonid Panteleev ubize inkumbulo kaMarshak ngokuthi "ubuthakathi" - wayekhumbula ngisho nezinkondlo zikaVelimir Khlebnikov kusukela ekufundeni kokuqala ngokuzwakalayo.
UMatvey Geyser nencwadi yakhe ekhuluma ngoMarshak
2. Ubaba womlobi, u-Yakov Mironovich wayengumuntu okwazi ukwenza izinto, kodwa onhlanhlathayo. Abanikazi bezimboni zensipho nezigayo zikawoyela bagijimela ukummema ukuba azophatha, kepha akakwazanga ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside. U-Yakov Marshak wayengafuni ukukhonza, kodwa ukuba nebhizinisi ukuze aqonde imibono yakhe yokuqamba, futhi wayengenayo imali yokuthenga ifektri noma isitshalo. Ngakho-ke, umdala uMarshak wayengavamile ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi umndeni kwakudingeka uhambe njalo.
Abazali bakaSamuil Marshak
3. Umfowabo kaMarshak u-Ilya wayefuna ukwazi kakhulu kusuka ebuntwaneni, okwamvumela kamuva ukuthi abe ngumbhali onekhono. Yanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwegama lomgunyathi M. Ilyin futhi yabhala izincwadi zesayensi ezithandwayo zezingane. Ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ababhali abaningi babesebenza kulolu hlobo, futhi umbuso wabakhuthaza - iSoviet Union yayidinga izakhamizi ezinobuchwepheshe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukugeleza kwezincwadi zesayensi ezithandwayo zezingane kunciphile, futhi manje uhlobo lwakudala lohlobo M. Perelman luhlala enkumbulweni yesizukulwane esidala, kepha akazange athuthukise imibhalo yesayensi eyedwa. Futhi ipeni likaM. Ilyin lingezincwadi ezinjengethi "One Hundred Thousand Why" nethi "Izindaba Ngezinto".
M. Ilyin
4. Owokuqala ukwazisa ithalente likaMarshak kwaba ngumgxeki odumile uVladimir Stasov. Akagcinanga ngokuncoma lo mfana, kodwa futhi wambeka egumbini lokuzivocavoca lodumo i-III St. Kwakukulesi sikhungo sokuzivocavoca lapho uMarshak athola khona ulwazi oluyisisekelo oluhle kakhulu lwezilimi, olwamvumela ukuba abe ngumhumushi onekhono. Abahumushi baseRussia ngaleso sikhathi benza ukuhumusha kusuka esiNgisini kube lukhuni nolimi. Le prozi ethintekayo - ukuhunyushwa kwezinkondlo ngokuvamile bekungasizi ngalutho. Ngisho namagama wabalingiswa, bekuyinhlekelele yangempela. "USherlock Holmes" kanye "noDkt Watson", amagama abo esiwathole kulabo bahumushi nje, bekufanele ukuthi babe "Amakhaya" kanye "noWatson", ngokulandelana. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwakukhona okwahlukahluka kwegama lomphenyi njengo "Holmes" kanye no "Holmz". Futhi igama elithi “Paul” laligqokwa ngamaqhawe ezincwadi angamaNgisi abizwa ngo “Paul” emuva ngawo-1990. Amandla obuciko omlingo ... UMarshak wayengasazi isiNgisi njengeqoqo lamagama, kepha njengesimo esiyingqophamlando, nasezimeni ezahlukahlukene zomlando.
UVladimir Stasov. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMarshak akabi umeluleki omubi ukwedlula umgxeki owamnika ithikithi lezincwadi
5. UStasov wethule uMarshak engekho kuLeo Tolstoy - wakhombisa umbhali omkhulu izithombe zewadi elincane kanye nezinkondlo zakhe eziningana. UTolstoy uzincome kahle lezi zinkondlo, kodwa wengeza ngokuthi akakholelwa “kulawa mageek”. Lapho uStasov etshela uSamuel ngomhlangano, le nsizwa yamcasula kakhulu uTolstoy.
6. UMaxim Gorky wayengumuntu obalulekile ekudalelweni kukaMarshak. Lapho ehlangane noMarshak osemusha kwaStasov's, uGorky wancoma izinkondlo zomfana. Futhi lapho ezwa ukuthi unamaphaphu abuthaka, uGorky ngokoqobo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa wahlela ukuthi uSamuel adluliselwe ejimini yaseYalta, emnikeza indawo yokuhlala nomndeni wakhe.
UMarshak noMaxim Gorky
7. Kuze kube ngo-1920, uMarshak, yize ayesemncane, kodwa wayeyimbongi futhi engumbhali. Waya ePalestine, wafunda eNgilandi futhi wabhala izinkondlo ezinhle zemizwa nomculo kuyo yonke indawo. UMarshak waqala ukubhalela izingane kuphela ngenkathi esebenza enkundleni yemidlalo yezingane eKrasnodar - inkundla yemidlalo yayimane ingenazo izinto ezimangazayo.
8. Uhambo oluya ePalestine kanye nezinkondlo ezibhalwe ngalesosikhathi kwavusa inkathi yangemva kweSoviet yokumemezela ukuthi uMarshak ungumZiyoni futhi ungumuntu olwa noStalinist ocashile. Ngokuya ngemibuthano ethile yezazi, uMarshak wabhala imisebenzi yakhe, wayephethe omagazini, esebenza ezindlini zokushicilela, esebenza nababhali abasebancane, futhi ebusuku ngaphansi komcamelo wakhe wabhala izinkondlo ezilwa noStalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi Sionist sasifihlwe ngobuciko kangangokuba uStalin waze walisusa igama lakhe ohlwini lwababulawa. Okujwayelekile ngalolu hlobo lwababhali - ikhasi ngemuva kokuxhashazwa kukaMarshak, bachaza amandla onke eCheka - NKVD - MGB - KGB. Ngaphandle kolwazi lwalesi sakhiwo, njengoba kwaziwa, eSoviet Union, akekho noyedwa owayengafaka inaliti esithombeni sephephandaba somunye wabaholi baseSoviet angajeziswa - lezo zenzo zamenyezelwa ngokushesha njengobuphekula futhi zijeziswa ngaphansi kwe-Article 58. UMarshak wayethola imiklomelo kaStalin ngaleso sikhathi.
9. Ngenkathi u-Aleksey Tolstoy ekhombisa uMarshak imidwebo yakhe yokuhumusha inganekwane kaCarlo Goldoni "uPinocchio", uSamuel Yakovlevich wasikisela ngokushesha ukuthi akufanele alandele okwasekuqaleni kwase-Italy, kodwa abhale owakhe umsebenzi esebenzisa umugqa wengqephu kaGoldoni. UTolstoy uvumelane nalesi siphakamiso, futhi "I-Adventures yaseBuratino" yazalwa. Yonke inkulumo yokuthi uTolstoy webe inganekwane kumNtaliyane ayinasisekelo.
10. UMikhail Zoshchenko, owangena enkingeni yokudala neyansuku zonke, uMarshak weluleka ukuthi abhalele izingane. Kamuva, uZoshchenko wavuma ukuthi ngemuva kokusebenzela izingane, waba ngcono ekubhaleni abantu abadala. Uhlu lwababhali nezimbongi uSamuil Yakovlevich asiza ngalo emsebenzini wabo lubandakanya u-Olga Berggolts, Leonid Panteleev noGrigory Belykh, Evgeny Charushin, Boris Zhitkov no-Evgeny Schwartz.
11. Lapho u-Alexander Tvardovsky eboleke imoto kuMarshak - eyakhe yaphuka. Lapho efika egalaji, uTvardovsky wabona umshayeli amazi kahle, wacishe wakhala ngevolumu elincane. Imbongi yabuza i-Afanasy - lelo kwakuyigama lomshayeli, indoda eneminyaka ephakathi nendawo - kwakwenzenjani. Uthe: babedlula esiteshini sesitimela saseKursk, futhi uMarshak wakhumbula ukuthi kulapho u-Anna Karenina adlula khona ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. USamuel Yakovlevich ubuze ukuthi ngabe u-Afanasy uyakhumbula yini ukuthi uKarenina wakubona kanjani konke. Umshayeli waba nesihluku sokwazisa uMarshak ukuthi wayengakaze aqhube amaKarenin. UMarshak othukuthele wamnika ivolumu ka-Anna Karenina wathi kuze kube yilapho u-Afanasy efunda le noveli, ngeke asebenzise izinsizakalo zayo. Futhi amaholo abashayeli akhokhelwa noma nge-mileage, noma ngesikhathi sohambo, okungukuthi, ngokuhlala egalaji, i-Afanasy yahola kancane.
12. Izinkondlo zikaMarshak zatholakala ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye zazisezingeni eliphakeme, futhi ku-quatrain eyodwa wayengasebenzisa amaphepha ayishumi. Kepha noma ngabe kubukezwe ukubuyekezwa, ijubane lokubhala izinkondlo lalilihle. Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uMarshak wasebenzisana neKukryniksy (abadwebi bamakhathuni uM. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov noN. Sokolov). Umqondo wokuqala ukuthi abaculi abathathu babhala opopayi, kanti uMarshak uza namasiginesha asankondlo. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, umgomo womsebenzi washintsha: UMarshak, elalele ukufingqwa kweSovinformburo, wakwazi ukuqamba inkondlo, wayivuma kuziphathimandla ezifanele futhi wayiletha noma wayidlulisela kubaculi ababengenalo ngisho nombono we-caricature. Imigqa kaMarshak ethi “Kumakorka womloli iyabiza, bhema futhi ubheme isitha” yaphrintwa ezigidini zamaphakeji okubhema makhorka. Ngomsebenzi wabo phakathi neminyaka yempi, bobabili uKukryniksy noMarshak bafakwa ohlwini lwezitha zikaHitler.
Izitha zomuntu siqu zoFuhrer
13. UMarshak wayenobudlelwano obunzima kakhulu noKorney Chukovsky. Okwamanje, ayizelanga ukuvula ukulwa, kepha ababhali abaphuthanga ithuba lokuyeka ukuklolodela kozakwabo. UMarshak, ngokwesibonelo, wayethanda ukugcona iqiniso lokuthi uChukovsky, esefunde isiNgisi kumanuwali yokuzifundisa enengxenye ethi "Pronunciation" yaqhephuka, yahlanekezela amagama esiNgisi. Igebe elibucayi, iminyaka eyishumi nohhafu, lafika eDetgiz ngo-1943 benqaba ukushicilela incwadi kaChukovsky ethi "Sizonqoba IBarmaley". UMarshak, owayekade esiza uChukovsky ukushicilela, kulokhu wagxeka lo msebenzi ngokungenasihawu. UChukovsky uvumile ukuthi izinkondlo zakhe bezintekenteke, kepha wacasuka wabiza uMarshak ngobuqili nangokuzenzisa.
14. Umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi yezingane wayenesimilo sobuntwana. Wayengakuthandi ngempela ukulala ngesikhathi, futhi wayekuzonda ukuphazamisa amakilasi ngesidlo sasemini ngohlelo. Eminyakeni edlule, ukudla ngohlelo kwadingeka - izifo zizenza zizwakale. UMarshak waqasha umphathi wasendlini onobuntu obukhuni kakhulu. URosalia Ivanovna ngehora elibekiwe wagingqa itafula egumbini, enganakile ukuthi uSamuil Yakovlevich wenzani noma ukhuluma nani. Wambiza ngokuthi "Empress" noma "Administration".
15. USamuil Marshak, ngenkathi esohambweni oluya ePalestine, washada noSophia Milvidskaya. Lo mbhangqwana wagcwalisana kahle, futhi umshado ungabizwa ngokuthi uyajabula uma kungengenxa yesiphetho sezingane. Indodakazi kaNathaniel yokuqala, eneminyaka engaphezudlwana konyaka ubudala, wabulawa ukusha ngemuva kokushayisa isamovar ebilayo. Enye indodana, uYakov, yabulawa isifo sofuba ngo-1946. Ngemuva kwalokho, unkosikazi kaMarshak wagula kakhulu washona ngo-1053. Ezinganeni ezintathu, yindodana eyodwa kuphela, u-Immanuel, owaba isazi semvelo, owasinda.
Kusukela ngo-1959 kuya ku-1961, intatheli yaseRussia edumile manje uVladimir Pozner, owayesanda kuqeda iziqu zakhe enyuvesi, wayesebenza njengonobhala kaMarshak. Ukusebenzisana kukaPozner noMarshak kwaphela ngohlazo - uPosner wazama ukufaka izinguqulo zakhe zisuka esiNgisini ziye ehhovisi lokuhlela likamagazini iNovy Mir, azixube nezinguqulo zikaMarshak. Umbhali ngokushesha waxosha intsha enobuqili. Eminyakeni eyalandela, uPosner wethula lesi sehlakalo esingemnandi njengomzamo wokudlala umdlalo webhodi yomhleli.
17. Ngezibalo, ifa lokudala likaSamuil Marshak libukeka kanjena: Imisebenzi yakhe eyizi-3 000, imisebenzi yokuhumusha eyi-1,500, ukushicilelwa ngezilimi ezingama-75 zangaphandle. NgesiRashiya, ukusakazwa okukodwa okuphelele kwencwadi kaMarshak kwakungamakhophi ayizigidi eziyi-1.35, kanti ukusakazwa okuphelele kwemibhalo eshicilelwe yombhali kulinganiselwa kumakhophi ayizigidi eziyi-135.
18. USamuil Marshak wanikezwa ama-oda amabili kaLenin, i-Order of the Red Banner of Labour kanye ne-Order of the Patriotic War, degree 1. Wayengumklomelo wemiklomelo emi-4 kaStalin noLenin. Kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu lapho umlobi ayehlala khona, kwafakwa izingcwecwe zesikhumbuzo, futhi eVoronezh kunetshe lesikhumbuzo likaS. Marshak. Kuhlelwe ukuthi kufakwe elinye itshe lesikhumbuzo eLyalina Square eMoscow. Isitimela esinengqikimba esithi "My Marshak" sihamba ngomugqa we-Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya kamasipala waseMoscow.
19. Ngemuva kokushona kukaSamuel Marshak, uSergei Mikhalkov, owacabanga imihlangano naye lapho enza isinqumo ngomsebenzi wakhe, wabhala ukuthi ibhuloho likakaputeni lomkhumbi wezincwadi zezingane zaseSoviet lalingenalutho. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uMikhalkov wabiza uSamuil Yakovlevich "Marshak weSoviet Union".
20. Ehlunga izimpahla nezincwadi ezashiywa nguyise, u-Immanuel Marshak wathola okuningi okuqoshiwe kwikhamera yamafilimu eyizimfundamakhwela. Ebabheka, wamangala: noma ngabe kuphi lapho uyise ayekhona endaweni yomphakathi, ngokushesha wayezungezwe yizingane. Kulungile, eSoviet Union - udumo lukaSamuil Yakovlevich lwalugcwele izwe lonke. Kepha isithombe esifanayo - lapha uMarshak uhamba yedwa, kepha usevele embozwe yizingane - ungene kwifilimu eLondon, nase-Oxford, naseScotland eduze kwendlu kaRobert Burns.
