IRiphabhulikhi yaseVenetian yayiyizwe elihlukile ngezindlela eziningi. Umbuso wenza ngaphandle kobukhosi, futhi ngaphandle kwethonya elivelele lesonto ezindabeni zombuso. EVenice, ukuba semthethweni kwasekelwa ngayo yonke indlela - izazi-mlando zaze zafaka ubulungiswa baseVenetian kunasendulo. Kubonakala sengathi ngayo yonke impi entsha, nazo zonke izingxabano eYurophu nase-Asia, iVenice yayiyoceba kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kwamazwe kazwelonke, ingcebo kanye nekhono lokulawulwa kwamanxusa kuyeke ukuba yizinto ezinquma ezimpini. Umzila wasolwandle oya e-Asia, ama-bayonets aseTurkey namanoni kudicilele phansi amandla eVenice, futhi uNapoleon wakuthatha ezandleni zakhe njengempahla engenamnikazi - ngezikhathi ezithile amasosha kumele avunyelwe ukuphanga.
1. EVenice esontweni elikhulu elinegama elifanayo kugcinwa izinsalela zikaSt. Isidumbu somunye wabavangeli, owashona ngo-63, ngekhulu le-9, ngendlela eyisimangaliso, embozwe izidumbu zengulube, sakwazi ukukhipha abathengisi baseVenetian base-Alexandria ababethunjwe amaSaracens.
Engutsheni yezingalo zeRiphabhuliki yaseVenetian kwakuwuphawu lwomphathi wayo oNgcwele uMark - ingonyama enamaphiko
2. AbaseVenice abalandeleli umlando wabo kusukela endulo. Yebo, kwakukhona idolobha laseRoma elinamandla i-Aquileia endaweni yaseVenice yanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, iVenice uqobo lwayo yasungulwa ngo-421, futhi izakhamuzi zokugcina zase-Aquileia zabalekela kuyo, zibalekela abezizwe, ngo-452. Ngakho-ke, manje sekukholelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi iVenice yasungulwa ngosuku lwe-Annunciation, ngoMashi 25, 421. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igama lomuzi lavela kuphela ngekhulu le-13, ngaphambi kokuthi sonke isifundazwe sabizwa kanjalo (ngenxa yeVeneti eyake yahlala lapha).
3. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, amaVenetians okuqala ahlala kuphela eziqhingini eziselwandle. Babamba izinhlanzi nosawoti owawuhwamuka. Ngokwanda kwesibalo sabahlali, kwaba nesidingo sokuhlala ngasogwini, ngoba zonke izinto nemikhiqizo kwakudingeka zithengwe ezwenikazi. Kepha emhlabathini, amaVenetians akhiwa aseduze namanzi ngangokunokwenzeka, abeka izindlu ezigxotsheni. Yile ndawo yokuhlala eyaba ukhiye wamandla aqhubekayo eVenice - ukuze kuthathwe isixazululo esandayo, kwakudingeka ibutho lomhlaba kanye nemikhumbi yempi. Abahlaseli abangaba khona babengenayo inhlanganisela enjalo.
4. Isigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweVenice kwaba ukuvela kwemikhumbi, okokuqala ukudoba, bese kuba olwandle, bese kuba ulwandle. Le mikhumbi yayingeyabanikazi abazimele, kepha kwesinye isikhathi yahlangana ngokushesha. Imikhumbi ehlangene yaseVenice phakathi nekhulu le-6 yasiza umbusi waseByzantium uJustinian ukunqoba ama-Ostrogoths. IVenice nemikhumbi yayo bathola amalungelo amakhulu. Idolobha selithathe elinye igxathu eliya emandleni.
5. IVenice yayibuswa yi-doji. Abokuqala babo, ngokusobala, babengabaphathi baseByzantium, kodwa-ke isikhundla sokukhetha saba phezulu embusweni. Uhlelo lukahulumeni lwejiji lwahlala iminyaka eyinkulungwane yonke.
6. IVenice yathola inkululeko yangempela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-9, lapho umbuso waseCharlemagne nowaseByzantium wasayina isivumelwano sokuthula. IVenice ekugcineni yahlukana nombango wase-Italy yathola inkululeko. Ekuqaleni, abaseVenice babengazi ngempela ukuthi benzeni ngayo. Umbuso wazanyazanyiswa yizimpi zombango, u-doji ngezikhathi ezithile wazama ukuthatha amandla, okungekho noyedwa kubo owakhokha ngokuphila kwakhe. Nangaphandle kwezitha azizange zilale. Kwathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-200 ukuhlanganisa.
7. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka, uPietro Orseolo II wakhethwa njengoDoge. Idoge yama-26 ichazele abantu baseVenetian ngokubaluleka kokuhweba, yehlula abaphangi abaningi, yahlehlisa eceleni imingcele yomhlaba waseVenice futhi yenza isivumelwano esizuzisa kakhulu neByzantine - intela yamasiko yabathengisi abavela eVenice yehliswa kasikhombisa.
UPietro Orseolo II nomkakhe
8. IVenice ebiyelwe yahlanganyela ngokugcwele eMpini Yenkolo. Yiqiniso, ukubamba iqhaza kwakungavamile - abaseVenice bathola inkokhelo yokuthuthwa kwamabutho empi yenkolo kanye nesabelo ekukhiqizeni okungenzeka, kodwa bahlanganyela ekulweni kuphela olwandle. Ngemuva kwemikhankaso emithathu, abaseVenetians banikezwa ikota eJerusalema, isikhundla esingakhokhiswa intela kanye nokuthola indawo engaphandle kweMbuso eMbusweni waseJerusalema, nengxenye yesithathu yedolobha laseTire.
9. Impi yenkolo yesine nokubamba iqhaza kwamaVenetiya kuyo kwehlukile. Ngokokuqala ngqa, abaseVenetian bathumela ibutho lasemhlabeni. Ujija wabo u-Enrico Dandolo uvumile ukuyisa ama-knights e-Asia ngamathani esiliva angama-20. Ngokusobala amasosha enkolo ayengenayo imali enjalo. Babelindele ukubamukela ngesimo sempi yempi. Ngakho-ke, bekungekho nzima ukuthi uDandolo ancenge abaholi abamelene kakhulu nomkhankaso ukuthi bangahambi namathuba angacacile okuphumelela e-Asia eshisayo, kepha babambe iConstantinople (lokhu kungemva kokuba amaByzantine aye "luphahla" lwaseVenice iminyaka engama-400, engenalutho cishe ngalutho). Inhlokodolobha yaseByzantium yaphangwa futhi yabhujiswa, umbuso cishe awusekho. Kodwa iVenice yathola izindawo ezinkulu kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama kuya eKrethe, yaba umbuso onamandla wamakoloni. Isikweletu esivela kubalwi benkolo samukelwa ngenzalo. Izwe labathengisi laba ngumzuzi omkhulu weMpi Yesine Yenkolo.
10. Kwaphela iminyaka eyi-150, ama-republic amabili ase-Italy ahwebelana - iVenice neGenoa - alwa phakathi kwawo. Izimpi zaqhubeka ngamazinga ahlukene empumelelo. Ngamagama wesibhakela, ngokwamaphuzu asuka ekubukeni kwezempi, ekugcineni, uGenoa wanqoba, kepha emhlabeni jikelele, iVenice yathola izinzuzo eziningi.
11. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo se-geopolitiki eMedithera ngekhulu le-12 nele-15 kukhombisa ukufana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwesikhundla seVenice nendawo yaseJalimane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930. Yebo, abaseVenice bathatha ingcebo enkulu nendawo enkulu. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, bahlala ubuso nobuso namandla angenakuqhathaniswa e-Ottoman (iRussia ngekhulu lama-20), futhi ngemuva kwabo babeneGenoa namanye amazwe (iNgilandi ne-USA), bekulungele ukusizakala ngobuthakathaka obuncane. Ngenxa yezimpi zaseTurkey nokuhlaselwa komakhelwane bayo, iRiphabhulikhi yaseVenetian yopha igazi laba mhlophe kanti uNapoleon kwakungadingeki ukuthi enze imizamo emikhulu yokuyinqoba ekupheleni kwe-18.
12. Akukona ukwehluleka kwempi kuphela okwakhubaza iVenice. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, amaVenetians acishe ahweba kuphela nawo wonke amazwe asempumalanga, futhi asevele avela kuparele le-Adriatic, izinongo namanye asabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kepha ngemuva kokuvulwa komzila wasolwandle ovela e-Asia, isikhundla sobukhosi sabathengisi baseVenetian saphela. Kakade ngo-1515, kwaba nenzuzo enkulu kwabaseVenice ngokwabo ukuthenga izinongo ePortugal kunokuthumela izindwendwe e-Asia.
13. Ayikho imali - akusekho mabutho. Ekuqaleni, iVenice yayeka ukwakha imikhumbi yabo yaqala ukuyithenga kwamanye amazwe. Bese kuba nemali eyanele kuphela yezimpahla.
14. Ukuhaha kwasabalala kancane kancane kwezinye izimboni. Ingilazi yaseVenetian, i-velvet nosilika kancane kancane zalahlekelwa izikhundla zazo ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokulahleka kwezimakethe zokuthengisa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwehla kokusakazwa kwemali nempahla ngaphakathi ezweni.
15. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwehla kwangaphandle kwakungabonakali. IVenice yaqhubeka iyinhloko-dolobha yaseYurophu yokunethezeka. Kwenziwa imikhosi emikhulu nemikhosi. Kwakunenqwaba yezindlu zikanokusho zokugembula ezazisebenza (eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi kwavinjelwa ngokuqinile ukugembula). Ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eziyisikhombisa eVenice, izinkanyezi zomculo ngaleso sikhathi nesiteji zaziqhubeka zenziwa. ISenate yeRiphabhulikhi yazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuheha abantu abacebile edolobheni, kodwa imali yokugcina ukunethezeka yancipha. Kwathi lapho ngoMeyi 12, 1797, uMkhandlu Omkhulu uqeda i-republic ngamavoti amaningi, lokhu akuzange kukhathaze muntu kakhulu - umbuso owawusuneminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane ungasasebenzi.
