Phakathi kwezingwadule zase-arctic kanye ne-taiga kunendawo emnyama engenazo izimila ezinkulu, uNikolai Karamzin ahlongoze ukuyibiza ngegama laseSiberia "tundra". Kwenziwe imizamo yokuthola leli gama kusuka ezilimini zaseFinland noma iSami, lapho amagama anezimpande ezifanayo asho “intaba engenalo ihlathi”, kepha azikho izintaba ku-tundra. Futhi igama elithi "tundra" selivele likhona ezilimini zesigodi zaseSiberia.
I-tundra ithatha izindawo ezibalulekile, kepha isikhathi eside ihlolwe ngobuvila kakhulu - kwakungekho okuzokuhlola. Kuphela ngokutholakala kwamaminerali eFar North lapho banaka i-tundra. Futhi hhayi ize - izinkambu ezinkulu zikawoyela negesi zitholakala endaweni ye-tundra. Kuze kube manje, umhlaba wejografi, wezilwane nezitshalo we-tundra usufundwe kahle.
1. Yize i-tundra isiyonke ingabonakaliswa njengesiqhingi esisenyakatho, indawo ebukeka kuyo ayifani ncamashi. Ku-tundra, kukhona namagquma aphakeme impela, ngisho namatshe, kepha izindawo eziphansi zivame kakhulu. Izimila ze-tundra nazo zihlukile. Eduze nogu kanye nezingwadule zase-arctic, izitshalo azimbozi umhlaba ngosayizi oqinile, amabala amakhulu anempandla womhlaba namatshe ahlangana. Ngaseningizimu, ubulembu notshani bakha ikhava eqinile, kukhona izihlahla. Endaweni eseduze ne-taiga, izihlahla nazo ziyahlangabezana nazo, kepha, ngenxa yesimo sezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi, zibukeka njengezibonelo zokugula zabalingani babo baseningizimu.
2. Isimo se-tundra sihlanjululwa yizindawo zamanzi, ezingaba banzi kakhulu. Imifula emikhulu kunazo zonke igeleza phakathi kwe-tundra iye olwandle i-Arctic: i-Ob, i-Lena, i-Yenisei neminye imifula emincane. Athwala amanzi amaningi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, le mifula iyachichima ukuze umuntu angaboni enye evela ebhange elilodwa. Lapho amanzi aphakeme ebuya, kuba namachibi amaningi. Amanzi awanandawo angaya kuyo - amazinga okushisa aphansi avimbela ukuhwamuka, futhi inhlabathi efriziwe noma yobumba ayivumeli amanzi angene ekujuleni. Ngakho-ke, itundra inamanzi amaningi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kusuka emifuleni kuya emaxhaphozini.
3. Isilinganiso sokushisa sasehlobo asidluli + 10 ° С, futhi inkomba ebusika ehambelana nayo ithi -30 ° С. Kuncane imvula. Inkomba ka-200 mm ngonyaka icishe ifane nenani lemvula engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSahara, kepha ngokuhwamuka okuncane lokhu kwanele ukwandisa ubumanzi.
4. Ubusika e-tundra buhlala izinyanga eziyi-9. Ngasikhathi sinye, isithwathwa esise-tundra asiqine njengasezindaweni zaseSiberia eziseningizimu kakhulu. Imvamisa, i-thermometer ayiwi ngaphansi kuka -40 ° C, kanti ezifundeni zezwekazi akuvamile ngamazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka -50 ° C. Kepha ihlobo e-tundra lipholile kakhulu ngenxa yokusondela kwezixuku ezinkulu zamanzi olwandle abandayo.
5. Izimila ezise-tundra ziningi kakhulu zonyaka. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo elifushane, lifika empilweni ngeviki nje kuphela, limboze umhlabathi ngotshani obusha. Kepha ngokushesha nje iyaphela ngokufika kwesimo sezulu esibandayo nokuqala kobusuku obusezindaweni ezibandayo.
6. Ngenxa yokushoda kwezithiyo zemvelo, imimoya e-tundra ingaba namandla kakhulu futhi ngokuzumayo. Ziyesabeka ikakhulukazi ebusika zihlangene nokuwa kweqhwa. Inqwaba enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-blizzard. I-N ingahlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngaphandle kokuwa kweqhwa, alikho iqhwa eliningi endaweni enamathafa - lipheshulwa masinyane ezindaweni eziphansi, emihosheni nasezintweni ezihamba phambili zomhlaba.
7. Iminyezane ivame ukutholakala emathafeni, kodwa ukubukeka kwayo kukude kakhulu neminyezane ekhula engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Umnyezane ku-tundra ucishe ufane nesihlahla esihle, amagatsha awo alenga phansi, eningizimu kuphela eduze nemifula. Ngasenyakatho, umnyezane uyisiqeshana esiqhubekayo futhi cishe esingenakunqotshwa sezihlahla ezikhulile, esizalela phansi. Kungashiwo okufanayo nge-birch yemifino - udadewethu omncane wesinye sezimpawu zaseRussia ku-tundra ubukeka njengesiqhwaga noma isihlahla.
I willow yemifino
8. Ukushoda kwezimila kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi umuntu ongajwayele e-tundra, noma endaweni ephakeme ngaphansi kogu lolwandle, unomphumela wokuphakama maphakathi - ukuphefumula kanzima. Ixhumene neqiniso lokuthi kukhona i-oksijeni encane kakhulu emoyeni ngaphezu kwe-tundra. Amaqabunga amancane ezitshalo ezincane akhipha ugesi omncane kakhulu odingekayo ukuphefumulela emoyeni.
9. Isici esingemnandi neze sehlobo ku-tundra yisinambuzane. Amashumi ezinambuzane ezinambuzane ezincane anobuthi ezimpilweni zabantu hhayi kuphela, kodwa nasezilwaneni. Izinyamazane zasendle, ngokwesibonelo, ziyafuduka hhayi kuphela ngenxa yesimo sezulu, kepha nangenxa yemidges. Ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane kuthatha amasonto amabili ekuqaleni kwehlobo, kepha kungaba yinhlekelele engokwemvelo yangempela - ngisho nemihlambi eminingi yezinyamazane ihlakazeka kusuka phakathi.
10. Ku-tundra, amajikijolo adliwayo akhula futhi avuthwe ezinyangeni ezimbili. Isikhulu, noma okusajingijolo kwe-arctic, kubhekwa njengesihamba phambili. Izithelo zawo zinambitheka njengamajikijolo. Izakhamizi zasenyakatho ziyidla ziluhlaza, futhi zibuye zome, zibilise ama-decoction bese zenza izithako. Amaqabunga asetshenziselwa ukwenza isiphuzo esithatha indawo yetiye. Futhi ku-tundra, eduze naseningizimu, kutholakala ama-blueberries. I-Cloudberry isakazekile, ivuthwa ngisho nase-78th parallel. Izinhlobo eziningi zamajikijolo angadleki nazo ziyakhula. Zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zeberry zibonakala ngezimpande ezinde kodwa ezinwabuzelayo. Ngenkathi ezitshalweni zasogwadule izimpande zinweba zicishe ziye ekujuleni komhlaba, ezitshalweni ze-tundra izimpande zisonta ngokuvundlile ungqimba oluncane lomhlabathi ovundile.
Inkosazana
11. Ngenxa yokungabi bikho ngokuphelele kwabadobi, imifula namachibi we-tundra acebile kakhulu ezinhlanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inala yezinhlanzi zalezo zinhlobo ezithathwa njengezicebile noma ezingajwayelekile eningizimu: i-omul, i-broadleaf, i-seal, i-trout, i-salmon.
12. Ukudoba emathafeni kuhluke kakhulu. Abantu bendawo abadoba ngenhloso yokusebenzisa amandla kuphela babamba abahlali bombuso ngemifino ehlobo. Ebusika, babeka amanetha. Impela konke ukubamba kuyasetshenziswa - izinhlanzi ezincane nodoti ziya kondla izinja.
13. AbaseSiberia abadoba emathafeni akhetha ukuphotha noma ukudoba ngezindiza. Kubo, ukudoba nakho kuwumsebenzi wokudoba. Kepha abathandi abangajwayelekile abavela engxenyeni yaseYurophu beza ngokudoba emathafeni, ikakhulukazi ngenhloso yokuzwa imizwa - kucatshangelwa izindleko zohambo, izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe ziba ngegolide ngempela. Noma kunjalo, baningi abathandi abanjalo - kukhona nezinkambo eziningi ezibandakanya hhayi nje ukuhamba umgwaqo omkhulu ezimotweni zomhlaba wonke, kodwa futhi nokudoba ogwini oluseningizimu (kodwa olubanda kakhulu) loLwandle lwaseKara noma uLwandle iLaptev.
14. Bazingela izinyamazane, amasabisi, izinyoni zezinyoni nezinyoni endaweni evundlile: amahansi asendle, ama-partridge swans, njll. Njengendaba yokudoba, ukuzingela ethumbeni kuyinto enkulu yokuzijabulisa noma ukugcizelela isimo somuntu. Yize izinyamazane zizingelwa ngokomsebenzi. Inyama nezikhumba kuthengiswa emadolobheni asenyakatho, kuthi izimpondo zezinyamazane zithengwe ngosomabhizinisi baseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Lapho, izimpondo akuyona nje ikhambi elidumile, kodwa futhi nokudla kwamapulazi okwenziwa ngamaparele.
15. I-Tundra, ikakhulukazi i-steppe, indawo eyintandokazi yezimpungushe zase-Arctic. Lezi zilwane ezinhle zizizwa zizinhle ezindaweni ezibandayo, futhi ukwanda kwazo okunika amandla okuzivumela ukuthi zigcwale ngisho nasezintweni ezincane nasezilwaneni zasetundra.
16. Kunezinti eziningi zezimila ku-tundra. Izilwane ezincane ziwukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Yiqiniso, abaziphonsa emadwaleni emanzini yizigidi zabantu. Kalula nje, njengoba sebande kakhulu, baqala ukungaziphathi kahle, begijimela ngisho nakwezinye izilwane ezinkulu, futhi ubukhulu babantu babo buyancipha. Akukho okuhle ngalokhu - ngonyaka ozayo, izikhathi ezinzima zizoza zalezo zilwane okuwukudla kukalamula. Izikhova ezihlakaniphile, zibona ukwehla kwenani lemammings, azibeki amaqanda.
17. Amabhere asolar, izimvu zamanzi, nama-walrus ahlala ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic, kepha-ke, bekungeke kufaneleke ukubabheka njengabahlali besiqiwi, ngoba lezi zilwane zikuthola ukudla kwazo olwandle, nokuthi ogwini esikhundleni se-tundra kune-taiga noma i-steppe steppe, kubo empeleni akukho lutho ngeke kuguquke.
Othile akazange abe nenhlanhla
18. Ku-tundra, kusukela maphakathi nawo-1970, kwenziwa ucwaningo olwehlukile lokubuyisa inani lezinkabi zemusk. Ukuhlolwa kwaqala phansi - akekho noyedwa owabona i-musk ox ephilayo eRussia, kwatholakala kuphela amathambo. Kwakudingeka ngiphendukele kwabaseMelika ukuze ngithole usizo - babenolwazi lokuxazulula izinkabi zemusk kanye nabantu "abengeziwe". I-musk ox yaqala yaba nezimpande e-Wrangel Island, yabe seyiba seTaimyr. Manje, izinkulungwane eziningana zalezi zilwane zihlala eTaimyr, cishe. Wrangel cishe inkulungwane. Inkinga isibalo esikhulu semifula - izinkabi ze-musk ngabe zixazululeke phambili, kepha azikwazi ukuwela, ngakho-ke kufanele zilethwe esifundeni ngasinye esisha. Imihlambi emincane isivele ihlala esifundeni saseMagadan, eYakutia naseYamal.
19. Labo abazi kancane ngokuziphatha kwezingulube bayazi ukuthi ubunjalo balezi zinyoni buqhelelene kakhulu nezingelosi. Futhi ama-swans ahlala e-tundra aphikisa i-axiom ethi umuntu kuphela obulala ukuzijabulisa, nezilwane zibulala ukudla kuphela. Ku-tundra, ama-swans ahlasela izidalwa angazithandi ngaphandle kwenhloso yokuzidla. Izinhloso zokuhlaselwa akuzona izinyoni kuphela, kodwa futhi nezimpungushe ze-arctic, ama-wolverine nabanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane ompofu. Ngisho nama-hawks adlayo ayesaba ama-swans.
20. AmaNenet anamuhla, akha ingxenye enkulu yabantu abakhele itundra, sekuyisikhathi eside eyekile ukuhlala emakamu. Imindeni ihlala unomphela emadolobhaneni amancane, kanti amakamu ayitende elilodwa elikude, lapho kuhlala khona amadoda, enakekela umhlambi wezinyamazane. Izingane ziya esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso ngendiza enophephela emhlane. Ubuye azilethe eholidini.
21. AmaNenet empeleni awayidli imifino nezithelo - ayabiza kakhulu eNyakatho. Ngasikhathi sinye, abelusi bezinyamazana abahlushwa yi-scurvy, esidlule nemiphefumulo yabantu ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu. Imfihlo isegazini lezimvu. AmaNenet awaphuza eluhlaza, ethola amavithamini namaminerali adingekayo.
E-Alaska, izihlibhi zazizothwala
Ngaphandle kwezinja, amaNenet awanazo ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo - izinja ezifuywa ngokukhethekile kuphela ezingasinda emakhazeni amakhulu. Ngisho nezinja ezinjalo zihlushwa amakhaza bese zivunyelwa ukuchitha ubusuku etendeni - kunzima kakhulu ukuphatha umhlambi wezinyamazane ngaphandle kwezinja.
23. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusinda okuyisisekelo, umndeni wakwaNenets udinga ubuncane bezinyamazane ezingama-300, futhi kunezilinganiso ezifakazelwe emakhulwini eminyaka zokwabiwa komhlambi kubakhiqizi, izithandwa, ukugibela ama-reindeer, ama-castrate, amathole, njll. Ukuthenga isithuthuthu esivamile, udinga ukuthengisa cishe izinyamazane ezingama-30.
24. Abantu bakwaNenets banobungane kakhulu, ngakho-ke icala elenzeka ngoDisemba 2015, lapho abasebenzi ababili abaphezulu benkampani yakwaGazprom ababeze ukuzokuzingela, babulawa eYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ngenxa yokudubulana namaNenet, kubonakala kuphelele. Bekungekho ngisho noyedwa umuntu wamashumi amakhilomitha azungeze indawo yesehlakalo ...
25. Itundra "liyathuthumela". Ngenxa yokushisa okulengayo okujwayelekile, ungqimba lwe-permafrost luyancipha, futhi i-methane ngaphansi iqala ukudlulela phezulu, ishiye izimbobo ezinkulu zokujula okukhulu. Yize imingcele enjalo ibalwa ngamayunithi, noma kunjalo, esimweni sokukhishwa okukhulu kwe-methane, isimo sezulu singashintsha kakhulu kunama-alamu omphumela wokushisa okushisiwe abikezelwe esiqongweni sokuthandwa kwale mbono.
