UMikhail Zoshchenko (1894 - 1958) wayengomunye wababhali abakhulu baseRussia bekhulu lama-20. Indoda eyadlula iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neMpi Yombango futhi yalimala kanzima, yakwazi ukungathukutheliswa yinkathi entsha engazelelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhulu sebutho lama-tsarist samukela ushintsho olwenzeka ezweni ngemuva kweGreat October Socialist Revolution futhi sabasekela.
UZoshchenko wayekholelwa ngokufanele ukuthi kwakudingeka abantu abasha ukwakha umbuso omusha. Emisebenzini yakhe, wahlambalaza izici ezitholwe yiSoviet Russia ezivela kuTsarist Russia. Umbhali waphikisana kakhulu nozakwabo ababekholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka ukukhulisa isisekelo sezinto eziphathelene nobusoshiyali, futhi izinguquko emiphefumulweni yabantu zizozihambela zodwa. Awunakushintsha "amabhokisi" omphefumulo, uZoshchenko waphikisana ngezingxabano ezinjalo nozakwabo.
UZoshchenko wangena ezincwadini njengomakhi wolimi olukhethekile, olwehlukile lokwethula. Ababhali ababengaphambi kwakhe babekwazi ukwethula izilimi ezahlukahlukene, ama-jargons, ama-argos, njll. Ekulandiseni, kepha nguZoshchenko kuphela owazuza ubuciko obunjalo ekwethulweni kwenkulumo evame ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi abalingiswa bakhe bazichaze ngegama elilodwa lokuhlangana.
Isiphetho sombhali saba lusizi. Ehlanjalazwe ngokungafanele iziphathimandla zeqembu, zilimaza impilo yakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba athathe noma yikuphi ukuhola futhi amukele noma yiluphi usizo, esikhundleni sokunikeza abafundi ngobuciko obusha bamahlaya akhe amangalisayo ...
1. Ukwahlulela izincwadi zamanothi zikaZoshchenko, ukubhala kusukela ebuntwaneni, eneminyaka engu-7 - 8 ubudala. Ekuqaleni wakhangwa izinkondlo, kwathi ngo-1907 wabhala indaba yakhe yokuqala ethi "Ijazi". UZoshchenko waqala ukushicilelwa ngemuva kwenguquko, kusukela ngo-1921. Imibhalo yesandla iqukethe izindaba eziningana ezibhalwe ngo-1914-1915.
2. Ezincwadini ezifanayo ungafunda ukuthi uMikhail Zoshchenko ugwetshwe intambo, waboshwa amahlandla ayisithupha, washaywa amahlandla ama-3 futhi wazama kabili ukuzibulala.
3. Ngesikhathi eseyingane, uZoshchenko wehlelwa yisifo sokushaqeka kwengqondo - ngemuva kokushona kukayise, yena nomama wakhe bayosebenzela impesheni, kepha bahlangana nokukhuzwa okunonya okuvela kulesi sikhulu. UMisha wayekhathazeke kakhulu kangangokuba waba nezinkinga zengqondo impilo yakhe yonke. Ngesikhathi sokuqina kwesifo, wahluleka nje ukugwinya ukudla, waba umuntu ongazihlanganisi nentukuthelo. Ubekhathazekile nje ngombono wokuzethemba, imizamo yentando, ukwelashwa. Uma ebusheni bakhe bambalwa abantu abanaka lokhu kuthatheka, lapho esekhulile wenza ukuxhumana noZoshchenko cishe kungabekezeleleki. Indaba ethi "Before Sunrise", eyaba yisizathu esikhulu sokugxekwa kombhali, igcwele izinkulumo mbumbulu nezesayensi ngokuziphilisa ngokukhomba kuziphathimandla zengqondo nezomzimba. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uZoshchenko watshela wonke umuntu ukuthi ukuphulukise kanjani ukugula kwakhe ngokwengqondo, futhi ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, emenyelwe esidlweni sakusihlwa, waziqhenya ngokuthi angathatha ukudla okuncane.
4. Isikhathi esithile uZoshchenko wasebenza njengomfundisi wokufuya konogwaja nokuzalanisa inkukhu epulazini lombuso laseMankovo ngaseSmolensk. Kodwa-ke, kwakubusika buka-1918/1919, ngenxa yezabelo, abantu bathola imisebenzi hhayi izikhundla ezinjalo.
5. Ngo-1919, uMikhail wangena kwi-Literature Studio, lapho umeluleki wakhe kwakunguKorney Chukovsky. Ngokusho kohlelo, izifundo ziqale ngezibuyekezo ezibucayi. Ngamafuphi, uZoshchenko wanezela ngamagama ababhali nezihloko zemisebenzi. V. Mayakovsky ubizwa ngokuthi "imbongi yokungaphelelwa isikhathi", A. Blok - "knight traight", nemisebenzi kaZ.Gippius - "izinkondlo zokungaphelelwa isikhathi". Wabiza uLilya Brik noChukovsky ngo “Literary pharmacists”.
"Usokhemisi wezincwadi" uKorney Chukovsky
6. E-Literature Studio, uZoshchenko wafunda noVladimir Pozner Sr., ubaba wentatheli edumile yethelevishini. Umdala uPozner wayengekho ngisho neminyaka eyi-15 ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ngokusho kokukhumbula "kwabafundi" (njengoba uChukovsky wayebabiza), wayengumphefumulo wenkampani futhi engumbhali onekhono kakhulu.
7. Ukuziphatha eStudio bekuyintando yeningi kakhulu. Lapho uChukovsky ecela izigceme zakhe ukuthi zibhale izindatshana ngezinkondlo zikaNadson, uZoshchenko wamlethela indatshana yezihloko ezibucayi zikathisha. UChukovsky wacabanga ukuthi lo msebenzi usuphothuliwe, yize uZoshchenko wayidlulisa le ndaba.
8. UZoshchenko wazinikela eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni sama-warrant officer, ngaphambili, wacishe wathola inkampani ngaphansi komyalo, kwalandela ibutho. Wanikezwa amahlandla amane. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, uZoshchenko wabulawa ngegesi. Lokhu kudliswa ushevu kuthinte umsebenzi wenhliziyo.
9. Ngemuva kwe-Order No. 1 kaHulumeni Wesikhashana owaziwayo, zonke izikhundla embuthweni zazikhetha. Amasosha akhetha uCaptain Zoshchenko wabasebenzi ... udokotela ojwayelekile - babenethemba lokuthi ukaputeni onomusa wabasebenzi uzobanikeza ezinye izitifiketi zekhefu lokugula. Kodwa-ke, amasosha awazange enze iphutha.
10. Izindaba ezihlekisayo ezifundwe nguZoshchenko eNdlu Yezobuciko, lapho iStudio ihambe khona, zibe yimpumelelo enkulu. Ngosuku olulandelayo, izindaba zahlungwa zaba izingcaphuno, futhi kulo lonke iNdlu Yezobuciko bezwe kuphela mayelana "nokuphazamisa izidubedube", "ukushintsha", "amabhulukwe amahle" kanye nenkulumo yendawo yonke ethi "NN - wow, kodwa i-bastard!"
11. Ngesikhathi sokuthayipha nokuphrinta incwadi yokuqala kaZoshchenko ethi, "The Tales of Nazar Ilyich kaMnu. Sinebryukhov," abasebenzi be-typographic bahleka kakhulu kangangokuthi ingxenye yencwadi ibigcwele kumakhava encwadi kaK. Derzhavin ethi "Treatises on the Tragic. 
12. Kubabhali ngeminyaka yo-1920 kwakuyimfashini ukuhlanganisa imibuthano, imiphakathi, njll. UMikhail Zoshchenko wayeyilungu leSerapion Brothers circle kanye noKonstantin Fedin, uVsevolod Ivanov nabanye ababhali abadumile besikhathi esizayo.
13. Ngokushesha nje lapho isimo sezomnotho e-USSR siqala ukuthuthuka futhi nokushicilelwa kwezincwadi kuqhubeka futhi, uZoshchenko waba ngomunye wababhali abathandwa kakhulu. Abamele izindlu zokushicilela bamjaha, izincwadi eziphrintiwe zathengiswa khona manjalo. Ngo-1929, imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala eqoqiwe yashicilelwa.
14. UZoshchenko akazange athande lapho abalandeli bemazi emgwaqweni futhi bemhlupha ngemibuzo. Ngokuvamile wayezithethelela ngokuthi wayebukeka ngempela njengomlobi uZoshchenko, kodwa isibongo sakhe sehlukile. Ukuthandwa kukaZoshchenko kwajatshulelwa "yizingane zikaLieutenant Schmidt" - abantu abazenza njengaye. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuqeda amaphoyisa kalula, kepha ngolunye usuku uZoshchenko waqala ukuthola izincwadi ezivela kumlingisi wesifundazwe, okusolwa ukuthi wayethandana naye ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngomkhumbi eVolga. Izinhlamvu eziningana lapho umlobi aqinisekisa khona umculi wenkohliso azishintshanga isimo. Bekufanele ngithumele intokazi enolaka isithombe.
15. Ukuziphatha kwenkathi: abanye abaqashi bathuthelwa efulethini likaZoshchenko - imitha eyisikwele eyengeziwe yatholakala kumlobi, owayejabulela ukuthandwa yi-Union. I-ZHAKT (i-analogue ye-ZhEK ngaleso sikhathi) yaqanjwa ngo-A.Gorky, futhi umbhali omkhulu, owayehlala esiqhingini saseCapri, wayithanda kakhulu imisebenzi kaZoshchenko. Wabhala incwadi eya ku "Petrel of the Revolution". UGorky ubhalele iZhAKT incwadi, lapho abonga khona ngokunikeza le nhlangano igama lakhe futhi wacela ukungacindezeli umbhali wodumo ohlala kule ndlu. Abaqashi abasuswe endaweni yabo bagoduka ngosuku iZhAKT ethola ngalo incwadi evela eGorky.
16. Unkosikazi kaM. Zoshchenko, uVera, wayeyindodakazi yesikhulu se-tsarist, kwathi ngo-1924 "wahlanzwa" eyunivesithi, yize wayeshade nokaputeni wabasebenzi bebutho lobukhosi ngesikhathi engena eyunivesithi. I-blonde ezacile, ekhulumayo, ne-agile ayibizi umyeni wayo ngokuthi "Mikhail".
17. Ngo-1929 iLeningrad "Evening Krasnaya Gazeta" yenza ucwaningo, efisa ukuthola ukuthi ngubani umuntu owayethandwa kakhulu futhi edumile edolobheni. UZoshchenko unqobile.
18. Ngokufika kodumo lwezincwadi nobukhosi, umndeni wakwaZoshchenko wathuthela efulethini elikhulu walinikeza ngokweholo labo. Umbhali uViktor Shklovsky, ehambele uZoshchenko, wabona ifenisha yasendulo, imidwebo, izithombe zobumba kanye neficus, wababaza: "Isundu!" futhi wengeza ukuthi isimo esifanayo impela sikhona ezindlini zonxiwankulu abancane, abahlukunyezwe ngokungenasihawu nguZoshchenko. Umbhali nomkakhe babenamahloni kakhulu.
19. Ukuthandwa kukaZoshchenko kufakazelwa yimigqa kaMayakovsky: "Futhi kudonswa emehlweni akhe / Uhlobo luni lukaZoshchenko ushada".
20. Empilweni yansuku zonke, uZoshchenko wayebukeka eyisicefe futhi edabukisa. Akakaze enze amahlaya futhi akhulume ngezinto ezihlekisayo ngokungathi sína. Imbongi uMikhail Koltsov wayethanda ukuhlela ukuhlangana ekhaya nabalobi bamahlaya, kepha ngisho nakubo kwakunzima ukuthola ngisho nezwi elivela kuZoshchenko. Ngemuva komunye wale mihlangano, ku-albhamu ekhethekile u-Koltsov ayigcinayo ukuze amahlaya abhale phansi amaparele abo aphumelele kakhulu, kukhona umbhalo owenziwe ngesandla sikaZoshchenko: “Ngangingu. Ithule amahora ama-4. Ngihambile ".
21. UMikhail Zoshchenko udlale, njengamahlaya esimanje, enamakhonsathi. Indlela yakhe futhi yamkhumbuza uSemyon Altov - wafunda izindaba ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwephimbo, ngokujulile nangothando.
22. KwakunguMikhail Zoshchenko owahumusha esuka kwinoveli yaseFinland Maya Lassila ethi "Behind the Matches", eyasetshenziselwa ukwenza ifilimu enhle kakhulu e-USSR.
23. Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uMikhail Zoshchenko wazama ukuvolontiya phambili, kodwa wenqatshwa ngenxa yezizathu zempilo. Nge-oda, wakhishwa eLeningrad evinjelwe waya e-Alma-Ata. Kakade ngo-1943 wabuyela eMoscow, wasebenzela umagazini i-Krokodil futhi wabhala imidlalo yaseshashalazini.
24. Ushushiso olwaqhamuka noM. Zoshchenko no-A. Akhmatova ngo-1946 ngemuva kwesinqumo sika-Agasti kumagazini i-Zvezda neLeningrad aluzincomi iziphathimandla zaseSoviet. Akukona ngisho nokugxekwa okungakhethi - ababhali ngokwabo bazivumela hhayi kanjalo. UZoshchenko wasolwa ngokufihla ngemuva ngesikhathi sempi nokubhala amalambu ngeqiniso laseSoviet, yize kwakwaziwa kahle ukuthi ukhishwe eLeningrad ngomyalelo, kanti nendaba ethi "The Adventures of a Monkey", lapho kuthiwa walulaza iqiniso laseSoviet, yabhalelwa izingane. Kuma-apparatchiks ekulweni nenhlangano yeLeningrad Party, zonke izinqola zaphenduka zaba semgqeni, kanti u-Akhmatova noZoshchenko baba njengamanzi esihlabathi abanjwe phakathi kwamagiya womshini omkhulu. KuMikhail Zoshchenko, ukushushiswa nokuxoshwa ezincwadini okwakufana nokudubula ethempelini. Ngemuva kwesinqumo, waphila eminye iminyaka eyi-12, kepha lena kwakuyiminyaka yokuqothulwa buthule. Uthando lukazwelonke ngokushesha okukhulu lwaphenduka lokulibala kwesizwe. Abangane abaseduze kuphela abamshiyanga umbhali.
25. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kukaZoshchenko, uChukovsky wamethula kumbhali othile osemncane. Amazwi kaMikhail Mikhailovich okuvalelisa uzakwabo osemncane ayenjengokulandelayo: “Izincwadi zingumkhiqizo oyingozi, olingana nobungozi ekukhiqizeni umthofu omhlophe”.
