Kukhona inkulumo eyaziwayo ngolimi lwesiRussia, noma kunalokho, isikrini somlomo: "ubuntu obuphikisanayo." Isibonelo, uLeo Tolstoy ungumlobi omkhulu, isintu nesazi sefilosofi. Ngasikhathi sinye isibalo asiphuthelanga sketi esisodwa sabalimi. Amantombazane akhonondayo angakanani ngeze - leso yisizathu sokumemezela "ubuntu obuphikisanayo". Lokho wukuthi, kubonakala kunesizathu sokubiza umuntu ngokungathembeki, kepha okunye okuhle kudlula lokhu kungathembeki. Futhi uPeter Omkhulu wabhapathizwa ephikisana no-Ivan the Terrible noJoseph Stalin. Ngokuvamile, uma unembeza ungakuvumeli ngokuqondile ukubizwa ngesitha nomashiqela, incazelo “yobuntu obuphikisanayo” iyasetshenziswa.
Isimo noMongameli wokuqala waseRussia uBoris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1931 - 2007) siyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Wonke umuntu uyavuma ukuthi ungumuntu onempikiswano enkulu. Inkinga eyodwa ukuthi kuncane kakhulu okuhle phakathi kokuphikisana kukaYeltsin. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Yeltsin ubhalwe ngokuqinile ku-paradigm yamanje yezepolitiki. Phonsa uBoris Nikolayevich esakhiweni sezepolitiki zanamuhla zaseRussia - kuvela ukuthi zonke izinsika zemboni yanamuhla yaseRussia ngabantu abakwazile ukuthola izintandokazi ezingakaze zibonwe kumongameli ophuze njalo. Okufanayo kusebenza kosopolitiki abaningi nabaculi. Memeza "Futhi inkosi ihamba ze!" Bambalwa kuphela abakwazile, futhi nangaleso sikhathi abanye babo, njengo-Alexander Korzhakov, baziphindisela ku-Yeltsin ngehlazo.
Cishe, asisoze sazi ukuthi yini eyayiqhuba u-Yeltsin enkathini yomlando ka-1987-1993. Kungangekhulu lama-21 kuphela lapho izwe laqala khona ukululama kancane kancane emiphumeleni yokubusa kukamongameli walo wokuqala. Nawa amanye amaqiniso avela ku-biography kaBoris N. Yeltsin, akhombisa ukunyakaza kwakhe emandleni nasekuziphatheni ku-Olympus yezepolitiki.
1. Ubaba kaBoris Yeltsin wayeyindoda enokhahlo, uma wayengenalo unya. Isikhali sakhe sezijeziso sasingabandakanyi ukushaya ngebhande kuphela, kepha futhi nokuma ekhoneni elishaywe enkanjini ubusuku bonke. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kwezijeziso akusizanga kangako ekufundiseni.
2. UBoris wafunda kahle, kepha wathola isitifiketi sokuphothula isikhathi seminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela ngomnyango wezemfundo wesifunda. Emcimbini wesitifiketi, waqala ukugxeka omunye wothisha, wathathelwa isitifiketi ayesanda kusinikeza.
3. Ubaba ka-Yeltsin wasebenzisa isikhathi sokulwa namaSoviet, kepha uBoris, egcwalisa amakhulu emibuzo, wakwazi ukungalokothi ayikhulume. Lapho abahloli ababebukeka khona kuhlala kuyimfihlo futhi kuletha izinsolo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona "izitha zabantu" hhayi kuphela ohlwini lozalo lukaYeltsin.
4. Ngenkathi efunda eSverdlovsk, u-Yeltsin wanikela ngesikhathi esiningi kwezemidlalo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye akazange acele ukuvuma ezifundweni zakhe.
5. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokusatshalaliswa, umakhi omkhulu wesikhathi esizayo we-USSR wathola izitifiketi zomshayeli, isitini sezitini, opharetha i-tower crane, njll. Wayejwayele ukuzifaka engilazini ngokufana nokuthola imisebenzi enekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
6. Unkosikazi kaJeltsin uNaina empeleni wabizwa ngo-Anastasia. Lokhu kwaqoshwa kokubili esitifiketini sokuzalwa nakupasipoti. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha uyise waqala ukumbiza ngokuthi uNaya, futhi kancane kancane wonke umuntu walijwayela igama elithi Naina. Oshade nomongameli wesikhathi esizayo ushintshe idatha yakhe yepasipoti kuphela ngawo-1960.
7. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yakhe yokuqala, u-Yeltsin waphatheka kabi kakhulu, futhi unkosikazi wakhe watshela ngqo odokotela esibhedlela ukuthi umyeni wakhe wayengamvumeli abuyele ekhaya. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yakhe yesibili, uYeltsin wathi: "Ngeke ngiphinde ngibelethe!"
U-Yeltsin namadodakazi
8. Njengoba esebenza njengomqondisi wesikhungo esakha izindlu, uYeltsin wayevela ekhaya kakhulu. Kufike eqophelweni lokuthi lapho umndeni uya endaweni yokudlela ukuyogubha lo mklomelo, omakhelwane bendlu lapho abakwaYeltsins bathola khona ifulethi bahalalisela uNaina ngokuthi ukwazile ukutholela umyeni wakhe ubaba nobaba wamadodakazi akhe.
9. Womabili amadodakazi kaJeltsin anezingane ezivela emishadweni yabo yokuqala (indodakazi ka-Elena nendodana kaTatyana), "ezirekhodwe" kumadoda abo wesibili. Amagama kaSergei Fefelov (umyeni wokuqala ka-Elena) noVilen Khairullin (uthando lokuqala lukaTatyana) asusiwe emlandweni womndeni.
10. Indlu yokuqala, eyakhiwa ngaphansi kobuholi bukaYeltsin induna, imi eYekaterinburg namuhla. Ikheli lalo uGriboyedov Street, 22.
11. Ngenkathi uYeltsin wayesevele esebenza njengomqondisi wesakhiwo esakha izindlu, indlu enezitezi ezinhlanu eyakhiwa yi-DSK Yeltsin yawa eSverdlovsk. Kube sekujeziswa kanzima - esikhundleni se-Order ethenjisiwe kaLenin, u-Yeltsin uthole i-Order of the Badge of Honor.
12. U-Yeltsin wayevikelwe ngunobhala wokuqala wekomiti lesifunda laseSverdlovsk leKPS Yakov Ryabov. Ngemuva kokuhudula u-Yeltsin esikhundleni sokuba ngunobhala wokuqala wekomidi ledolobha le-CPSU, uRyabov uqobo waphoqeleka ukuba alwe nokuba luhlaza kukaJeltsin, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu.
UYakov Ryabov
13. Ukuba unobhala wokuqala wekomidi lesifunda, u-Yeltsin wazuza udumo olungakaze lube khona kuleyo minyaka, ebamba uhlelo lwethelevishini olubukhoma lwamasonto onke olunikezelwe ukulwa nobubi. Ababukeli babengenza izingcingo ngqo emoyeni, futhi unobhala wokuqala khona lapho axazulula izinkinga ngocingo.
14. Ngaphansi kukaYeltsin, umzila ongaphansi komhlaba, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eziningana, Isigodlo Sentsha, iNdlu Yezemfundo Yezombusazwe kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi kwavela eSverdlovsk. KwakuseSverdlovsk lapho kwavela khona ama-MHKs okuqala - izakhiwo zezindlu zentsha, ezakhiwa ngezandla zabahlali bakusasa ngesikhathi sabo sokuphumula emsebenzini. Manje kungabonakala kungasendle, kepha kuleyo minyaka bekungenye yezindlela ezingokoqobo zokuthola ngokushesha ifulethi.
Sverdlovsk. Isigodlo Sentsha
15. Ngokomyalo ka-Yeltsin, indlu yase-Ipatiev yabhidlizwa, egumbini elingaphansi okwadutshulwa kulo umndeni wasebukhosini nezinceku. Ngokomthetho, uBorin Nikolaevich wenza isinqumo sePolitburo yeKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU, kepha samukelwa ngo-1975 futhi unobhala wokuqala ngaleso sikhathi uYakov Krotov wathola ithuba lokungasifezi. U-Yeltsin, ngokusobala, eselitholile iphepha elinesinqumo, wadiliza isithabathaba somuzi esidumile ngo-1977.
16. Ngo-1985, u-Yeltsin waqala ukunqoba iMoscow, okokuqala waba yinhloko yomnyango wezokwakha weCentral Committee, bese kuba ngunobhala weCentral Committee. Kwakhuthazwa ngenkuthalo nguVladimir Dolgikh, u-Yegor Ligachev noMikhail Gorbachev uqobo. Ngemuva kwalokho, bonke bahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yentukuthelo kaJeltsin. Futhi ngo-December Yeltsin waba unobhala wokuqala we-Moscow City Committee. Izinga lokukhuphuka komsebenzi elihlaba umxhwele - izikhundla ezintathu ezinyangeni eziyi-8.
17. Ngaphansi kweYeltsin, kwavulwa izitolo eziyi-1 500 eMoscow, kwavela okokuqala imibukiso yokudla, kwagujwa iCity Day (1987).
18. Ukuwa kukaYeltsin, okwaphenduka kwaba yinto esuswayo, kwaqala ngo-Okthoba 21, 1987. Ukhulume ku-Plenum yeKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU, ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuyicindezela kancane kancane emithunzini, okokuqala, bemsusa esikhundleni senhloko yeKomidi Lomuzi waseMoscow. Kodwa-ke, lokhu "ukucindezelwa" kwaguqula u-Yeltsin waba yiqhawe lesizwe.
19. Enye yezingxoxo ezinikezwe u-Yeltsin "ngehlazo" yanyatheliswa kabusha emaphephandabeni nakomagazini baseSoviet abayi-140.
20. Ekhethweni lokuqala lamaSekela aBantu e-USSR, uBoris Yeltsin uthole amavoti angaphezu kwama-90% esifundeni sokhetho saseMoscow # 1. Njengoba ezombangazwe eRussia bezilokhu zikhona futhi zenziwa emanhlokodolobha, ngemuva komphumela onjalo womphikisi omkhulu uM. Kodwa ubuhlungu baqhubeka omunye unyaka nohhafu.
21. Umndeni wakwaYeltsin uqale wamukela wabe usuyenza ibe ngeyakho idacha yombuso edolobhaneni laseGorki-10. UMaxim Gorky wake wahlala kuleli dacha.
22. Septhemba 9, 1987 uBoris Nikolaevich wawela esikalini noma wazama ukuzibulala. NgoSepthemba 28, 1989, kwaba nendaba nokusolwa ngokuthunjwa kukaYeltsin wamphonsa ngaphandle kwebhuloho esakeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, ukuzidela okunjalo kubukeka kungenangqondo futhi kuyingane, kepha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 izwe lonke lalikhathazekile ngoYeltsin. "Izingqinamba zeKremlin ne-KGB," umbono wawucishe ube ngazwi linye.
23. Ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1990, ngemuva kwemizamo emithathu yokuvota, u-Yeltsin wakhethwa njengenhloko yeSupreme Soviet ye-RSFSR. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, kwamukelwa iSimemezelo Sobukhosi Bombuso baseRussia, kwathi ekugcineni iSoviet Union yehla.
Iposi likaSihlalo weSupreme Soviet yeRSFSR laliyisisekelo nje
24. U-Yeltsin waba nguMongameli wase Russia ngemuva konyaka owodwa emva kokwamukelwa kweSimemezelo Sokuzimela - ngoJuni 12, 1991. Uthole amavoti angaphezu kuka-57%. Ngemuva konyaka, inani lalabo ababesekela i-Yeltsin lehla ngamahlandla ama-2,5 - kwaqala izinguquko eGaidar.
25. Ngesikhathi salokho okwakuthiwa yi-coup ka-1991, unogada omkhulu wase-Yeltsin, u-Alexander Korzhakov, waphikelela waphakamisa ukuthi i-ward yakhe ifihle i-KGB enamandla amakhulu namabutho akhethekile embasi yaseMelika. Kodwa-ke, u-Yeltsin wakhombisa isibindi futhi wenqaba ngokusobala ukushiya i-White House. Manje siyazi ukuthi izinhloso zeKomiti Yezimo Eziphuthumayo Yombuso bezingezona ezomela igazi, kodwa ngalezo zinsuku kwakukhona amathangi emigwaqweni yaseMoscow.
26. Ngenkathi uBoris Yeltsin eqopha kuthelevishini isimemezelo esidumile esinguNombolo 1400, esamvumela ukuba ahlakaze ngamandla iSupreme Soviet, umphathi we-teleprompter waphelelwa yisikhathi estudiyo. UYeltsin wayengenamahloni ngalokhu. Ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe, njengoba ezobhala kamuva, bamsiza wehlisa umoya.
27. Ngomhlaka 22 Septhemba 1993, iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo waseRussia, ngamavoti ayisi-9 kuye kwangama-4, yamemezela ukuthi Isinqumo esinguNombolo 1400 asivumelani noMthethosisekelo, nokusayinwa kwaso njengesenzo esanele ukususa u-Yeltsin esikhundleni sobumongameli. Selokhu kwashicilelwa lesi sinqumo, zonke izenzo zikaYeltsin zazingekho emthethweni ngokusemthethweni. Noma kunjalo, iphalamende ladutshulwa, futhi ngemuva kwalokho amandla kaJeltsin acishe aphelele.
28. "I-Operation Zakat" akusona isenzo sobuqili bobuhlakani baseRussia. Ngakho-ke inhloko yezokuphepha kuka-Yeltsin, u-Alexander Korzhakov, kanye nabangaphansi kwakhe babiza izinyathelo zokunciphisa i-vodka ngamanzi bese bevuselela ubuqotho bukakhokho ebhodleleni elalenzelwe i-Yeltsin. UMongameli wamangala ukuthi i-vodka yesimanje idakwe kangcono kuneSoviet.
29. NgoJuni 30, 1995, ngemuva kokuthi uShamamil Basayev negenge yakhe bethathe isibhedlela eBudyonnovsk, uBoris Yeltsin wesula esikhundleni sobumongameli emhlanganweni woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Abangane bamncenga ukuthi ahlale esikhundleni.
30. Kukholakala ukuthi ngo-1994-1996, u-Yeltsin wahlaselwa yizinhliziyo ezinhlanu ngesikhathi esifushane, waphenduka waba yingozi ngokhetho lwango-1996. Kodwa-ke, owayenguSihlalo woMkhandlu WoNgqongqoshe Wase-USSR uNikolai Ryzhkov wathi u-Yeltsin eSverdlovsk wahlaselwa yizinhliziyo ezimbili.
31. Ukunqoba kukaYeltsin emzuliswaneni wesibili wokhetho lwango-1996 kwaqinisekiswa abezindaba abasile. U-Yevgeny Kiselyov ku-NTV unikeze ukuqoshwa kwemihlangano ehleliwe yase-Yeltsin nabasebenzi, abalimi, intsha nezinye izingxenye zabantu. Futhi komunye wemihlangano yangempela (eKrasnodar), u-Yeltsin wanikezwa ukuthi ashiye phansi. Futhi, ngokusobala ekhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokunqoba kokuxhumana nesixuku, uBoris Nikolaevich wabuza kakhulu ukuthi ngubani ovumelana nesiphakamiso esinjalo. Impendulo yaba yi-monosyllabic: "Konke!" Kepha ngenxa yabezindaba, ukungena kwemali ku-oligarchs nokukhwabanisa, u-Yeltsin uzuze amavoti angama-53.8%.
U-Yeltsin wafunda kanzima ukufungiswa kukaMongameli waseRussia
32. Ngemuva kokuwina ukhetho ngo-1996, uYeltsin akazange ahole izwe. Ezikhathini ezingavamile zokukhululeka ezifweni ezinenhliziyo, wakhombisa izimpawu zesifo i-Alzheimer esibeka wonke umuntu esitimeleni: wanikeza undunankulu waseJapane iziQhingi zaseKuril, wabe esethatha izintombi ezihloniphekile zaseSweden, wabe esecela uBoris Nemtsov inkosazana, wabe esemba amazambane nawo wonke umndeni.
33. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, uYeltsin waxosha ondunankulu abahlanu, amasekela kandunankulu angama-45 kanye nongqongqoshe abangu-145.
34. Ngesikhathi esula phansi umsebenzi ngoDisemba 31, 1999, uYeltsin akazange asho lutho ngezinkinga zakhe zempilo, evumela ukusula kwakhe ngezinkinga ezaziqongelelwe kwezepolitiki. Akazange asho inkulumo ephindaphindwayo ethi “ngikhathele, ngiyahamba” ekhelini lakhe le-TV lonyaka omusha.
35. UBoris Yeltsin ushone ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12 e-Central Clinical Hospital ngenxa yokuhluleka kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okuqubule ukwehluleka kwezitho eziningi, ngo-Ephreli 23, 2007. UMongameli wokuqala waseRussia wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseNovodevichy. Kwakhiwa itshe lesikhumbuzo ngenhlonipho yakhe eYekaterinburg kwavulwa nomnyuziyamu omkhulu, obizwa ngokuthi yiYeltsin Centre.
