Ukuvukela kwamaDecembrists kwaba yingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni woMbuso waseRussia. Kubalulekile kokubili kusukela ekubukeni kwabantu abafuna izinguquko, futhi kusukela ekubukeni kwabamele iziphathimandla, futhi phezulu kakhulu. Ukungasho ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho, ama-tsars nababusi baseRussia babethathwa njengabantu abangathintwa. Ngemuva kokushona kuka-Ivan the Terrible, bonile ngokufaka ushevu. NgoPeter III, bekungacaci: ngabe ubulawe ngamaphaphu, noma ngokudakwa, noma uphazamisa kakhulu wonke umuntu ophilayo. Bonke abakwaPetersburg babeyitulo lokulwa noPaul I, kuze kube yilapho lo mpofu efa ngokushaywa yikhanda ngebhokisi lesinemfu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafihlanga okuningi, bakhumbuza labo abalandela uPetru ku-Catherine noPaul Alexander: bathi, khumbula ukuthi ngubani owakuphakamisa esihlalweni sobukhosi. I-Noble gallantry, iminyaka ekhanyiselwe - ukukhumbuza unkosikazi ukuthi kungani umyeni abulawa, kanye nendodana ukuthi kungani ubaba abulawa.
UPaul sengizofikelwa yisifo sohlangothi
Kepha lezozinto bezithule, kucishe kube izindaba zomndeni. Akekho oshukumise izisekelo. Umuntu oyedwa ungene esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi kulungile. Labo abakhonondayo bakhishwa izilimi zabo noma bavalwa imilomo ngeSiberia, futhi konke kwaqhubeka njengakuqala. Abakwa-Decembrists, ngakho konke ukungafani kwabo, bakhulelwa konke ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Futhi iziphathimandla zakuqonda lokhu.
Isikwele samasosha ku-Senatskaya Street, futhi ikakhulukazi isibhamu sojenene noGrand Duke Mikhail Yuryevich sikhombisile ukuthi manje inkosi ngeke isavinjelwa. “Ukubhujiswa kukahulumeni wangaphambili” kwakusho ukubhujiswa kwabameleli bawo. Ukukhulisa ukucindezelwa kobukhosi, kanye noNicholas I, babezobhubhisa umndeni wakhe ("Babala ukuthi mangaki amakhosana namakhosazana okufanele abulawe, kepha abayigobanga iminwe yabo" - uPestel), futhi akekho noyedwa owayecabangela izicukuthwane nojenene. Kepha ngemuva kweNguquko yaseFrance, nemifula yayo yegazi, kudlule isikhathi esingaphezudlwana nje kwekota yekhulu. Ubukhosi kwakumele buzivikele.
Isifinyezo semicimbi sithatha isigaba esisodwa ngqo. Kusukela ngo-1818, ukunganeliseki ngeziphathimandla kwase kuvuthwa emibuthanweni yezikhulu. Bekuzovuthwa eminye iminyaka engu-15, kodwa icala lavela. UMbusi u-Alexander I wafa, kanti umfowabo uConstantine wenqaba ukwamukela isicoco. Umfowethu omncane uNikolai wayenamalungelo onke esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi kwaba kuye lapho izicukuthwane zafunga khona ukuthembeka ekuseni ngoDisemba 14, 1825. Abakhi bozungu babengazi ngalokhu futhi bathatha amasosha abo baya eSenate Square. Bachaze amasosha - izitha zifuna ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi kuConstantine, kuyadingeka ukuvimbela lokhu. Ngemuva kokulwa kaningana, lawa okusolwa ukuthi ayizihlubuki, kodwa empeleni akhohlisa amasosha, adutshulwa evela ezingananini. Kulokhu kubulawa, akekho noyedwa wabahlonishwa owahlupheka - babaleka ngaphambili. Kamuva, abahlanu babo balengiswa, amakhulu amaningana athunyelwa eSiberia. UNicholas I wabusa iminyaka engama-30.
Ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso ngesigaba esisebenzayo sombhikisho kuzosiza ukwandisa le ncazelo:
1. Okokuqala, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi akubona bonke abakwaDecembrists, njengoba bekukholelwa kakhulu, ababengamaqhawe eMpi Yezwe ka-1812 kanye noMkhankaso Wezangaphandle wango-1813-1814. Isibalo silula: bangu-579 abantu abathintekayo ophenyweni, bangu-289 abatholwe benecala.Kulo lolo hlu, bangu-115 abantu ababambe iqhaza empini - 1/5 lwalo lonke uhlu nabangaphansi kwengxenye yohlu lweziboshwa.
2. Izimbangela ezimbili zalolu dlame kwakuyizinguquko zabalimi ezichazwe ngu-Alexander I kanye nokuvikela kwabantu baseYurophu. Akekho owayengaqonda ngempela ukuthi izinguquko zizoba yini, futhi lokhu kwaveza izinhlobonhlobo zamahemuhemu, kangangoba inkosi yayithatha umhlaba kubanikazi bomhlaba futhi ihlela ezolimo ngokuya ngabalimi abampofu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthunyelwa okusanhlamvu okuvela eRussia kwehle amahlandla ayi-12 ngonyaka we-1824. Futhi ukuthumela okusanhlamvu emazweni angaphandle kwahlinzeka ngemali engenayo enkulu kubanikazi bezindlu nombuso.
3. Isizathu esisemthethweni sokuvukela kwaba ukudideka nezifungo. Izazi-mlando zisakuqonda lokhu kudideka. Empeleni, empeleni, kuvela ukuthi uNicholas kanye nezicukuthwane eziphakeme, bengazi ngokuthathelwa imfihlo kukaConstantine, bafunga ukuthembeka kuye. Lapho-ke, lapho bezwa ngokulahlwa, banqikaza isikhashana, futhi lokhu kumisa kwakwanele ukuze ukuvuthwa kwezingqondo kuqale, kanti abakwaDecembrists basakaza amahemuhemu ngokuqothulwa. Basusa, bathi, amandla avela kuConstantine omuhle, bese beyinika uNikolai omubi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNicholas wavele wabopha ngamaketanga i-Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, okusolwa ukuthi wayengavumelani nokubuswa kwakhe, ngamaketanga.
4. Igazi lokuqala lachitheka cishe ngo-10 ekuseni ngoDisemba 14 ebuthweni laseMoscow. Mayelana nodaba lwama "heroes of 1812": INkosana uShchepin-Rostovsky, owayenganuki isibhamu (owazalwa ngo-1798), wagawulwa ngegama elibanzi ekhanda likaBaron Peter Fredericks, owathola i-Order of St. Vladimir yeziqu ze-4 zeBorodino. Ngemuva kokuthola ukunambitheka, uShchepin-Rostovsky walimaza uGeneral Vasily Shenshin - umphathi waseParis, owayelokhu eqhubeka ukulwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. UColonel Khvoschinsky naye wakuthola - wazama ukusiza uFrederick elele eqhweni. Ngemuva kwamagama anjalo, isosha elagencwa u-Shchepin-Rostovsky kunogada we-regimental banner, kunjengokungathi alibalwa ... Amasosha, ebona ukuthi "izikhulu zawo" ziyazwana, ayephefumulelwe - athenjiswa ukuthi azokhonza esikhundleni seminyaka engama-25. UShchepin-Rostovsky ngesikhathi kuphenywa wathi uvikele isifungo sokwethembeka kuConstantine. Wagwetshwa intambo, waxolelwa, wahlala ekudingisweni kwaze kwaba ngu-1856, futhi wafa ngo-1859.
5. ESenate Square, abantu abasha baphinde basebenzelana nomakadebona weMpi Yezwe ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukusolwa. Lapho uGeneral Mikhail Miloradovich, imiklomelo yakhe engenangqondo ukuyifaka ohlwini - kwakungamabutho kaMiloradovich e-vanguard eyaxosha amaFulentshi esuka kuVyazma aya eParis - ezama ukuchaza isimo noKonstantin (wayengumngane wakhe osondelene kakhulu) phambi komugqa wamasosha, wabulawa. INkosana u-Yevgeny Obolensky (b. 1797) yamshaya ngensabula, kwathi inkosana eneminyaka eyodwa uPyotr Kakhovsky wadubula ujenene ngemuva.
Umdwebo uthopha uKakhovsky - wadubula uMiloradovich ngemuva
6. UNicholas I, naphezu kwesikhathi esifushane esihlalweni sobukhosi, lapho ezwa ngalokhu kuvukela, wayengalahlekanga. Wehlela endlini yonogada yesigodlo, ngesikhathi esifushane wakha ibutho lebutho le-Preobrazhensky futhi wamholela uqobo eSenate Square. Ngalesi sikhathi, base bevele bedubula lapho. Enye inkampani yamadoda akwaPreobrazhensky ivimbe ngokushesha ibhuloho ukuvimbela amavukela-mbuso ukuthi angahambi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amavukelambuso ayengenabo ubuholi obuhlangene, futhi abanye abaholi baleli zungu babethuka nje.
7. UMkhulu Omkhulu uMikhail Pavlovich wazama ukubonisana nabavukeli. Okwagcina impilo yakhe ukuthi uWilhelm Küchelbecker wayenguKüchlei, njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo. Wayengazi ukuthi uzosidubula kanjani isibhamu noma asilayishe. UMikhail Pavlovich wema amamitha ambalwa ukusuka esiqwini aqondiswe kuye, wagoduka. Unina kaWilhelm Küchelbecker ubencelisa uGrand Duke Misha omncane ...
Kuchelbecker
8. Isimo esingenangqondo senzeke ngabo-13: 00. UNikolai, ephelezelwa uBenckendorff nezinqola zakhe ezimbalwa, wema ngemuva kwenkampani ye-Preobrazhensky lapho ebona isixuku samasosha, esasibukeka njengama-grenadiers, singenazo izikhulu. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi angobani, amasosha angamqapheli uMbusi omusha amemeza athi angaConstantine. Ayesembalwa kakhulu amasosha kahulumeni uNikolai akhombisa kuphela amasosha lapho ayedinga ukuya khona. Ngemuva kokucindezelwa kokuvukela umbuso, uNikolai wezwa ukuthi isixuku asizange singene esigodlweni lapho umndeni wakhe wawukhona khona, kuphela ngoba sasigadwe izinkampani ezimbili zabasappers.
9. Ukuma esigcawini kuphele ngokuhlaselwa okungaphumelelanga ngabaqaphi bamahhashi bamasosha kahulumeni. Ngokuphikisana nesikwele esiminyene, abagibeli bamahhashi babenamathuba ambalwa, futhi ngisho namahhashi ayekhwele amahhashi ehlobo. Njengoba belahlekelwe amadoda amaningana, abagibeli bamahhashi bahlehla. Bese kuthi uNikolai aziswe ukuthi amagobolondo athunyelwe ...
10. IVolley yokuqala yadutshulwa phezu kwamakhanda amasosha. Kwalimala ababukeli kuphela abagibela ezihlahleni bema phakathi kwezinsika zesakhiwo seSenate. Umugqa wamasosha uwile, kwathi i-volley yesibili yawela ohlangothini lwesixuku esixubekile esigijima ngokungahleliwe sibheke eNeva. Iqhwa lawa, inqwaba yabantu yazithola isemanzini. Ukuvukela kwase kuphelile.
11. Kakade abesilisa bokuqala ababoshiwe babebiza amagama amaningi kangangokuba zazingasekho izigijimi ezanele ezazizolandela ababoshiwe. Abaphathi bezokuphepha bekufanele babandakanyeke kuleli cala. UNikolai wayengenalo nofifi ngesilinganiso salolu zungu. ESenatskaya, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwezihlubuki babona uMntwana u-Odoevsky, owayeqaphe e-Winter Palace ngayizolo. Ngakho-ke abakhi bozungu babengahlakazeka kalula. Iziphathimandla zibe nenhlanhla yokuthi zikhethe “ukuhlukana” ngokushesha okukhulu.
12. Umbuso wobushiqela wawunzima kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungekho ndawo ezanele zokuboshwa zabantu abangamakhulu amaningana ababoshiwe. IPeter and Paul Fortress yagcwala khona manjalo. Bahlala eNarva, naseReval, naseShlisselburg, endlini yomkhuzi ngisho nasengxenyeni yesakhiwo se-Winter Palace. Lapho, kanye nasejele langempela, kwakukhona namagundane amaningi.
Yayingekho indawo eyanele ePeter and Paul Fortress ...
13. Umbuso wawungenawo umthetho noma i-athikili okwakuzothweswa ngayo amacala ama-Decembrists. Amasosha ayengadutshulwa ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso, kodwa kwakuzodingeka ukuthi kudutshulwe abaningi kakhulu, futhi abaningi ababambe iqhaza kwakungezomphakathi. Njengoba behlolisise imithetho, bathola okuthile kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, kodwa inhlaka ebilayo yaboniswa lapho ngesimo sokubulawa. Isandulela saseBrithani sanquma ukuba kuqedwe ingaphakathi lalabo ababulewe futhi kushiswe okwakuqhume phambi kwabo ...
14. Ngemuva kweSenethi kanye nokuphenywa kokuqala kukaNicholas I, kwakunzima ukumangala, kepha uColonel Pestel, owalethwa ngemuva kokwehlulwa kombhikisho waseNingizimu, waphumelela. Kuvele ukuthi owenguquko uthole isibonelelo sebutho lakhe kabili, ngolimi lwanamuhla, izifunda zamasosha. Vele, lokhu kwakungasho ukuthi amasosha ebutho likaPestel adla ngokuphindwe kabili kunaleli lonke ibutho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amasosha akhe ayebulawa indlala futhi egqoke amanikiniki. I-Pestel yabela imali, ngenkathi ingakhohlwa ukuhlanganyela nabantu abafanele. Kuthathe ukuhlubuka konke ukumdalula.
15. Ngenxa yophenyo, amajaji, abengaphezulu kuka-60, axoxa kabanzi ngezigwebo. Imibono ibisukela ekuhlukaniseni bonke abantu abayi-120 abafakwe enkantolo eSt. Petersburg (amacala abanjwa nakwamanye amadolobha) ukuhambisa wonke umuntu kude nenhloko-dolobha. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abangu-36 bagwetshwa intambo. Bonke abanye bathola ukuphucwa amalungelo ombuso, ukusebenza kanzima ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ukudingiselwa eSiberia kanye nokwehliselwa esikhundleni amasosha. UNicholas I ushintshe yonke imisho, ngisho emihlanu eyalengiswa ngemuva kwalokho - kwakudingeka idonselwe futhi ihlukaniswe. Ithemba labanye babamangalelwa lokumemezela izinsolo zabo mayelana nobushiqela ecaleni lashabalala - ukuqulwa kwecala labanjwa lingekho.
