Isazi sefilosofi nomfundisi uVoltaire (1694 - 1778) wayengesona isibani kunoma yiliphi igatsha lesayensi noma lobuciko ayekade esebenza kulo. Akazange abeke eyakhe imibono yefilosofi noma imiqondo. UVoltaire wayekude nokuthola isayensi yemvelo. Ekugcineni, imisebenzi yakhe yezinkondlo, amadrama nephrozi ayinakuqhathaniswa neBoileau noma iCorneille. Kodwa-ke, amandla kaVoltaire okuveza imicabango yakhe noma yabanye ngolimi olucacile, oluphilayo, ukuqina nokuqonda kwakhe, ukuthandwa kanye nokutholakala kwakhe kwamenza waba ngundabuzekwayo omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni wefilosofi namasiko.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uVoltaire akazange abhekane kuphela nezindaba ezijwayelekile zefilosofi, isayensi namasiko. Umbhali wabamba iqhaza, ngokombono wakhe, izivivinyo ezingafanele, esiza abamangalelwa ngokwezezimali nangokomthetho. Efa lakhe eSwitzerland, wakhosela inqwaba yama-emigrés aseFrance. Ekugcineni, uVoltaire wasekela abalingisi nababhali abasebasha abanekhono.
1. Ngokokuqala ngqa, igama-mbumbulu elithi "Voltaire" livela enhlekeleleni ethi "Oedipus" yahlelwa yashicilelwa ngo-1718. Igama langempela lomlobi nguFrançois-Marie Arouet.
2. UVoltaire, ngenxa kakhokho wakhe, u-Abbot Chateauneuf, wajwayelana nokugxekwa kwenkolo ngaphambili kunangezikhathi zayo. Umfowabo omdala we-free-thinker omncane wayekholwa ngobuqotho, lapho uVoltaire aqamba khona ama-epigrams amaningi kuye. Lapho eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, uVoltaire wathinta izivakashi ezindaweni zokucwala zobukhosi ngokucaphuna amavesi aphikisayo ngekhanda.
3. Phakathi kwamafa ayizinkondlo kaVoltaire kunesikhalazo sesosha elikhubazekile ngesicelo sokulinikeza impesheni. Isosha lacela umfundi osemncane wasekolishi lamaJesuit ukuba abhale incwadi yezikhalazo, kodwa wathola cishe inkondlo. Kodwa-ke, wazidonsela amehlo kanti okhubazekile wanikwa impesheni.
4. Imfundo kaVoltaire ekolishi lamaJesuit iyaziphikisa izindaba ezethusayo zesandla samaJesuit esigcwele yonke indawo. Ukucabanga ngokukhululeka komfundi bekwaziwa kahle kothisha, kepha abathathanga zinyathelo zokucindezela uVoltaire.
5. IVoltaire yaqala ukucindezelwa ngo-1716 yamahlaya (ngokombono wayo) mayelana nabashonile ngeNkosi uLouis XIV ongasekho kanye nomlawuli owayethathe amandla. Imbongi yathunyelwa enqabeni yaseSully, engekude neParis, lapho yayizijabulisa khona nabantu ababenomqondo ofanayo nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo.
ISully Castle. Indawo efanele ukuxhumanisa
6. "Igama" lokuqala kwiBastille Voltaire, njengoba umlingiswa wefilimu eyodwa edumile yaseSoviet lasho, "waziphakamisa wasuka phansi." Wabhala ama-couplets alandelayo, lapho asola khona kamnandi u-Regent wase-Orleans ngokulala nesihlobo nobuthi. Umbhali wamavesi ubengaziwa, kodwa uVoltaire, engxoxweni yangasese, waphikisana ngolaka nephoyisa elingakhulumi ukuthi nguye owabhala amavesi. Umphumela wawubikezelwe - izinyanga eziyi-11 ejele.
7. Kakade eneminyaka engama-30, uVoltaire wayebhekwa njengombhali omkhulu waseFrance wesikhathi sethu. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele i-cavalier de Rogan ekuyaleni izisebenzi ukuba zishaye umbhali khona kanye kuvulandi we-salon yomphakathi ophakeme. UVoltaire waphuthuma wayofuna usizo kulabo ayebabheka njengabangane, kepha izinduna kanye nezikhulu babemhleka usulu ovamile - ukuziphindiselela ngosizo lwezisebenzi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuvamile phakathi kwezikhulu. Akekho owakholelwa ku-Voltaire isibindi, kepha noma kunjalo waphonsela umoni inselele yokulwa. UDe Rogan uyamukele inselelo, kepha wavele wakhononda ezihlotsheni zakhe, futhi uVoltaire waphinde waya eBastille. Bamkhulula kuphela benombandela wokushiya iFrance.
IBastille. Ngaleyo minyaka, ababhali bebengesabi ukugxekwa, kepha lezi zindonga
Incwadi kaVoltaire "English Letters" yathathwa yiPhalamende laseParis. AmaPhalamende, ngenxa yokuthi le ncwadi ibiphikisana nokuziphatha okuhle nenkolo, ayigwebele ngokushiswa, umbhali nomshicileli wayo waya eBastille. Kwakunzima ukuqhamuka nomkhankaso omuhle kakhulu wokukhangisa ngalezo zinsuku - ukusakazwa okusha kwanyatheliswa ngokushesha eHolland, futhi incwadi yakhuphuka kakhulu ngentengo - ngaleso sikhathi babengacabangi ukulandela abafundi. Yebo, uVoltaire wacasha ngeBastille phesheya.
9. Umsebenzi ophumelele kakhulu kaVoltaire kumele ubhekwe njengedrama "Inkosazana yaseNavarre". Akafakwanga njalo ohlwini lwemisebenzi eyinhloko yombhali, kepha wathola imali enhle kakhulu: ama-franc angama-20 000 ngasikhathi sinye, indawo yokuba yisikhulu senkantolo yasebukhosini kanye nokhetho eFrance Academy.
10. UVoltaire wayengusomnotho ophumelele kakhulu. EFrance kuleyo minyaka izinkampani zamasheya ahlangene kanye nezinkampani zakhiwa futhi zaqhuma eziningi ngosuku. Ngo-1720, neBhange LoMbuso laqothuka. Futhi umbhali kula manzi ahlakaniphile wakwazi ukwenza ukuqala kwengcebo yakhe enkulu.
11. Umlando weMarquis de Saint-Lambert, naye ofundile, ukhuluma ngamasiko angaleyo nkathi ngokujwayelekile kanye noVoltaire ikakhulukazi. UVoltaire wayengumthandi ka-Emilie Du Chatelet iminyaka eyishumi, futhi yonke indawo u-Emily, uVoltaire nomyeni wakhe babehlala ndawonye, bengabufihli ubuhlobo babo. Ngolunye usuku oluhle uSaint-Lambert wangena esikhundleni sikaVoltaire enhliziyweni ka-Emily, owayemdala kuye ngeminyaka eyi-10. Umbhali bekufanele ahambisane neqiniso lokuvukela umbuso, nokuthi wonke umuntu uyaqhubeka nokuhlala ndawonye. Kamuva uVoltaire waphindiselwa - uSaint-Lambert, ngendlela efanayo, waphinde wabamba inkosikazi yakhe komunye wabaphikisi abakhulu bezincwadi zikaVoltaire, uJean-Jacques Rousseau.
Emilie du Chatelet
12. Ikhaya likaVoltaire lokuqala lavela kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka engama-60. Ngemuva kokuthuthela eSwitzerland, uqale wathenga indawo yeDelice kwalandela neFernet estate. Kwakungeyona imali - umbhali wayesevele engumuntu ocebile. Isikhundla sikaVoltaire, nokucabanga kwakhe ngokukhululekile kuwo wonke ama-monarchies, ngezikhathi ezithile saba yingozi kakhulu. Izindlu ezithengiswayo bekufanele ukuzithenga kuphela eRepublican Switzerland.
13. Ngesikhathi sokuthenga, ifa laseFerne lalinezindlu eziyisishiyagalombili. UVoltaire wamphefumulela impilo entsha nemali yakhe nemizamo yakhe. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, abantu abangu-1 200 babehlala eFern, okwathi umlobi wakha izindlu futhi wanikela ngemali ekusungulweni. Abahlali abaningi babengabenzi bamawashi. Indlovukazi yaseRussia uCatherine, owayehambisana noVoltaire, wathenga amakhulukhulu amawashi kubo.
UFernet. Indawo lapho hhayi kuphela uVoltaire ayejabule
14. UVoltaire ushicilele imisebenzi yakhe yokuhlukumeza kanye nenkulumo-ze hhayi nje ngegama lakhe kanye namabizo-mbumbulu. Ubengasayina kalula ipheshana elinegama lomuntu oshonile ngisho nomuntu odumile osaphila.
Ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, uVoltaire akazange avume, ngakho-ke umshana wakhe, u-Abbot Mignot, washeshe wangcwaba isidumbu sikamalume wakhe e-abbey yakhe. Ukwenqatshelwa ukungcwaba umuntu ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu emhlabathini onikelwe kwafika sekwephuze kakhulu. Ngo-1791 izinsalela zikaVoltaire zadluliselwa ePhalamende LaseParis. Ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa, ibhokisi likaVoltaire lathathwa layiswa egumbini elingaphansi. Ngo-1830 ibhokisi labuyiselwa ePantheon. Kwathi lapho, ngo-1864, izihlobo zazifisa ukubuyisa inhliziyo kaVoltaire, eyayigcinwe yibo, esizweni, kwavela ukuthi ibhokisi likaVoltaire, njengebhokisi likaRousseau elalimi eceleni kwalo, lalingenalutho. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu angacacile, izinsalela zabantu abakhulu zashiswa ngo-1814 nge-quicklime.
