UGalileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) uthathwa njengomunye wososayensi abakhulu emlandweni wesintu. UGalileo wathola okuningi ngaphandle kwesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo. Isibonelo, ngaleso sikhathi ayengekho amawashi anembe kakhudlwana noma angaphansi, futhi uGalileo walinganisa isikhathi ekuhlolweni kwakhe nokusheshisa kokuwa kwamahhala ngamandla akhe. Lokhu kuphinde kwasebenza kwezokufundwa kwezinkanyezi - isibonakude esinokwanda okuphindwe kathathu kuphela kwavumela ubuhlakani base-Italiya ukuthi buthole izinto eziyisisekelo, futhi ekugcineni bangcwabe uhlelo lomhlaba lukaPtolemaic. Ngasikhathi sinye, enomqondo wesayensi, uGalileo wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngolimi oluhle, olukhuluma ngokungaqondile ngamakhono akhe okubhala. Ngeshwa, uGalileo waphoqeleka ukuba anikele eminyakeni engama-25 edlule yempilo yakhe ekulweni okungenamphumela neVatican. Kwazi bani ukuthi uGalileo wayeyothuthukisa kangakanani isayensi ukube akazange achithe amandla akhe nempilo yakhe ekulweni neNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki.
1. Njengazo zonke izibalo ezivelele ze-Renaissance, uGalileo wayengumuntu owenza izinto eziningi kakhulu. Izintshisekelo zakhe zazibandakanya izibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, i-physics, amandla wezinto zokwakha nefilosofi. Futhi waqala ukuthola imali njengomfundisi wobuciko eFlorence.
2. Njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka e-Italy, umndeni kaGalileo wawuhloniphekile kodwa umpofu. UGalileo akazange akwazi ukuqeda izifundo zakhe zaseyunivesithi - imali kayise yaphela.
3. Kakade kule nyuvesi uGalileo uzibonakalise njengomuntu ophikisana ngokufuna iqiniso. Kuyena zazingekho iziphathimandla, futhi wayengaqala ingxoxo ngisho nakulezo zindaba ayengazi kahle kangako ngazo. Ngokumangazayo, lokhu kumenzele idumela elihle kakhulu.
4. Isithunzi nokuphathwa kweMarquis del Monte kwasiza uGalileo ukuthola isikhundla sobufundisi enkantolo yeDuke yaseTuscany, uFerdinand I de Medici. Lokhu kwamenza wafunda isayensi iminyaka emine engacabangi ngesinkwa sakhe semihla ngemihla. Ukwahlulela impumelelo elandelayo, kwaba ukusekelwa kaMedici owaba yisihluthulelo isiphetho uGalileo.
UFerdinand I de Medici
5. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-18 uGalileo esebenza njengoprofesa e-University of Padua. Izinkulumo zakhe zazithandwa kakhulu, futhi ngemuva kokutholwa kokuqala, usosayensi waziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
6. Ukukhiqizwa kwamabala kwenziwa eHolland nangaphambi kukaGalileo, kepha umNtaliyane waba ngowokuqala ukuqagela ukubheka isibhakabhaka ngepayipi elenziwe nguye. Isibonakude sokuqala (igama laqanjwa nguGalileo) sakhuphula izikhathi ezi-3, sathuthukiswa ngama-32. Ngosizo lwabo, isazi sezinkanyezi sathola ukuthi iMilky Way iqukethe izinkanyezi ngazinye, iJupiter ineziphuphutheki ezi-4, futhi wonke amaplanethi azungeza iLanga, hhayi uMhlaba kuphela.
7. Okutholakele okubili okukhulu kukaGalileo okwaphendukisa omakhenikha ngaleso sikhathi kwaba i-inertia nokusheshisa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Umthetho wokuqala womakhenikha, naphezu kokucwengwa okuthile kamuva, ubizwa ngegama lesazi sesayensi sase-Italy.
8. Kungenzeka ukuthi uGalileo wayezohlala izinsuku zakhe zonke ePadua, kodwa ukushona kukayise kwamenza waba ngowokuqala emndenini. Wakwazi ukushada nodade ababili, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wangena esikweletini esiningi kangangokuba umholo kasolwazi wawunganele. Futhi uGalileo waya eTuscany, lapho iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yayidlange khona.
9. Ejwayele iPadua ekhululekile, usosayensi waseTuscany wawa ngokushesha ngaphansi kweNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Unyaka kwakungu-1611. ISonto LamaKatolika lisanda kuthola impama ebusweni beNguquko, futhi abapristi balahlekelwe yikho konke ukunganaki. Futhi uGalileo waziphatha kabi kunanini ngaphambili. Kuyena i-Copernicus 'heliocentrism kwakuyinto esobala, njengokuphuma kwelanga. Ukuxhumana nokhadinali kanye noPapa Paul V uqobo, wayebabona njengabantu abahlakaniphile futhi, ngokusobala, bakholelwa ukuthi bazohlanganyela izinkolelo zakhe. Kepha abefundisi, empeleni, babengenandawo yokubalekela. Futhi nakulesi simo, uKhadinali Bellarmino, echaza ukuma kweNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, wabhala ukuthi isonto alibaphikisi ososayensi abathuthukisa imibono yabo, kodwa abadingi ukusatshalaliswa ngokuzwakalayo nangokusakazeka kabanzi. Kepha uGalileo ubesevele elumile kancane. Akazange amiswe ngisho nokufakwa kwezakhe izincwadi ohlwini lwenqatshelwe. Uqhubeke nokubhala izincwadi lapho evikela khona i-heliocentrism ngesimo sokuthi hhayi ama-monologue, kepha izingxoxo, ecabanga ngobuwula ukukhohlisa abapristi. Ngendlela yesimanje, usosayensi wanyathela abapristi, futhi wakwenza ngokweqile. UPapa olandelayo (i-Urban VIII) naye wayengumngane wakudala wososayensi. Mhlawumbe, ukube uGalileo ubenganciphisa ubungqabavu bakhe, konke ngabe kuphele ngokuhlukile. Kwavela ukuthi izifiso zabantu besonto, besekelwa ngamandla abo, zavela zaqina kunombono olungile kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngemuva kokushicilelwa enye futhi incwadi ethi “Dialogue,” efihliwe ngobuqili njengengxoxo, ukubekezela kwesonto kwaphela. Ngo-1633, uGalileo wabizelwa eRoma naphezu kwalesi sifo. Ngemuva kwenyanga ephenywa ngemibuzo, waphoqwa ukuba aguqe ngamadolo ukuba aphindisele emuva imibono yakhe futhi wagwetshwa ukuboshwa endlini isikhathi esingaziwa.
10. Imibiko yokuthi uGalileo wahlukunyezwa iyaphikisana yini. Abukho ubufakazi obuqondile bokuhlukunyezwa, kukhulunywa kuphela ngezinsongo. UGalileo uqobo wabhala emazwini akhe ngempilo ebuthaka ngemuva kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukwahlulela ngesibindi lapho usosayensi asebenzisana nabapristi phambilini, wayengakholelwa ekutheni kungenzeka ukuthi athole isigwebo esinzima. Futhi esimweni esinjalo, ukubona nje izinsimbi zokuhlukumeza kungathinta kakhulu ukuqina komuntu.
11. UGalileo akazange amukelwe njengomhlubuki. Wabizwa "njengomsolwa omkhulu" wokuhlubuka. Amagama akulula kangako, kepha avumela usosayensi ukuthi agweme umlilo.
12. Ibinzana elithi "Futhi liyajika" laqanjwa yimbongi uGiuseppe Baretti eminyakeni eyikhulu emva kokufa kukaGalileo.
13. Umuntu wanamuhla angamangala ngokutholwe nguGalileo. UmNtaliyane wabona ngesibonakude ukuthi inyanga iyafana nomhlaba. Kungabonakala sengathi uMhlaba ogqamile neNyanga engaphili empunga, kufana ngani kuzo? Kodwa-ke, kulula kakhulu ukucabanga ngekhulu lama-21 ngolwazi lwesayensi yezinkanyezi. Kuze kube yikhulu le-16, i-cosmography yahlukanisa uMhlaba nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini. Kepha kwavela ukuthi iNyanga ingumzimba oyindilinga, ofana noMhlaba, lapho kunezintaba, izilwandle nolwandle (ngokusho kwemibono yangaleso sikhathi).
Inyanga. Ukudweba kukaGalileo
14. Ngenxa yezimo ezinzima lapho eboshelwe endlini, uGalileo waba yimpumputhe futhi eminyakeni emi-4 yokugcina yempilo yakhe wayengasho umsebenzi wakhe kuphela. Impikiswano embi yokudalelwa ukuthi umuntu owaqala ukubheka izinkanyezi waqeda impilo yakhe engaboni lutho oluzungezile.
15. Isimo esiguqukayo seSonto lamaRoma Katolika ngoGalileo siboniswa kahle ngamaqiniso amabili. Ngo-1642, uPapa Urban VIII wakwenqabela ukungcwatshwa kukaGalileo emndenini noma ukwakhiwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo ethuneni. Futhi eminyakeni engama-350 kamuva, uJohn Paul II wavuma ubuqili bezenzo zeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngokumelene noGalileo Galilei.
