Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iRussia, noma ngabe yayibizwa kanjani, kwakudingeka ichithe ukuhlaselwa komakhelwane bayo. Abahlaseli nabaphangi bavela entshonalanga, nasempumalanga, naseningizimu. Ngenhlanhla, kusukela enyakatho, iRussia imbozwe ulwandle. Kepha kuze kube ngu-1812, iRussia kwakudingeka ilwe nezwe elithile noma ngokuhlangana kwamazwe. UNapoleon weza nebutho elikhulu, eliqukethe abamele abavela kuwo wonke amazwe ezwekazi. ERussia, yiGreat Britain, iSweden nePortugal kuphela ababebhalwe njengabahlanganyeli (ngaphandle kokunikeza isosha elilodwa).
UNapoleon wayenethuba emandleni, wakhetha isikhathi nendawo yokuhlaselwa, kepha wahlulwa. Ukuqina kwesosha laseRussia, isinyathelo sabaphathi, ubuhlakani beqhinga leKutuzov kanye nomdlandla wokushisekela izwe lonke kwaba namandla kunokuqeqeshwa kwabangeneleli, ulwazi lwabo kwezempi kanye nobuholi bezempi bukaNapoleon.
Nawa amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngaleyo mpi:
1. Isikhathi sangaphambi kwempi sasifana kakhulu nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-USSR neJalimane lamaNazi ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Amaqembu aphetha ngokungalindelekile i-Peace of Tilsit, eyamukelwa yiwo wonke umuntu kamnandi. Noma kunjalo, iRussia yayidinga iminyaka eminingana yokuthula ukulungiselela impi.
U-Alexander I noNapoleon eTilsit
2. Okunye ukufanisa: UHitler wathi wayengeke ahlasele i-USSR ukube wayazi inani lamathangi aseSoviet. UNapoleon wayengeke ahlasele iRussia ukube wayazi ukuthi iTurkey noma iSweden ayizomeseka. Ngasikhathi sinye, bakhuluma ngokungathi sína ngamandla wabo bobabili abezobunhloli baseJalimane naseFrance.
3. UNapoleon wabiza iMpi Yobuzwe ngokuthi "iMpi Yesibili YasePoland" (eyokuqala yaphela ngesihluku esibuhlungu sePoland). Weza eRussia ezolamulela iPoland ebuthakathaka ...
4. Ngokokuqala ngqa, amaFrance, yize emboziwe ngeveli, aqala ukukhuluma ngokuthula ngo-Agasti 20, ngemuva kwempi yaseSmolensk.
5. Iphuzu empikiswaneni yokuthi ngubani ophumelele uBorodino lingabekwa ngokuphendula lo mbuzo: ibutho likabani elisesimweni esingcono ekupheleni kwempi? AmaRussia ahlehlele emuva ukuqinisa, amadepho wezikhali (uKutuzov eBorodino akazange asebenzise amasosha angama-30,000 ahlome ngezintambo kuphela) nokudla. Ibutho likaNapoleon langena eMoscow engenalutho eshile.
6. Kwaphela amasonto amabili ngoSepthemba - Okthoba uNapoleon wathembisa ukuthula ku-Alexander I amahlandla amathathu, kodwa akazange ayithole impendulo. Encwadini yesithathu, ucele ukumnika ithuba lokugcina okungenani udumo.
UNapoleon eMoscow
7. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yaseRussia empini kwaba ngaphezu kwama-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-150. Izidingo (ukuthathwa kwempahla mahhala) zilinganiselwa ku-200 million. Izakhamizi zinikele ngokuzithandela cishe ezigidini eziyikhulu. Kuleli nani kumele kungezwe cishe ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-15 asetshenziswe yimiphakathi ngemifaniswano yabangu-320,000. Ukuze uthole inkomba: uColonel wathola ama-ruble angama-85 ngenyanga, inyama yenkomo yabiza ama-kopecks angama-25. Iserf enempilo ingathengwa ngama-ruble angama-200.
8. Inhlonipho yesosha ngoKutuzov ayibangekanga nje kuphela yisimo sakhe sengqondo ezinhlwini eziphansi. Ezinsukwini zezikhali ezibushelelezi kanye nama-iron-cannonballs, umuntu owasinda futhi wasebenza esebenza ngemuva kwamanxeba amabili ekhanda wayebhekwa njengokhethiweyo kaNkulunkulu.
Kutuzov
9. Ngokuhlonipha konke amaqhawe aseBorodino, umphumela wempi wanqunywa kusengaphambili yiTarutino maneuver, ngawo ibutho laseRussia aphoqa abahlaseli ukuba bahlehle ngomgwaqo u-Old Smolensk. Ngemuva kwakhe, uKutuzov waqaphela ukuthi udlala uNapoleon ngamasu. Ngeshwa, lokhu kuqonda kanye nenjabulo eyalandela kwabiza ibutho laseRussia amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisulu ezafa ziphishekela ibutho laseFrance laya emngceleni - amaFrance ngabe ahamba ngaphandle koshushiso.
10. Uma uzokwenza ihlaya ukuthi izicukuthwane zaseRussia zazivame ukukhuluma isiFulentshi, zingalwazi ulimi lwazo lwendabuko, khumbula lawo maphoyisa afela ezandleni zamasosha angaphansi - lawo asebumnyameni, ezwa inkulumo yesiFulentshi, kwesinye isikhathi ayecabanga ukuthi asebenzisana nezinhloli, futhi wenza ngokuvumelana nalokhu. Kwakunamacala amaningi anjalo.
11. U-Okthoba 26 kufanele futhi wenziwe usuku lodumo lwezempi. Ngalolu suku, uNapoleon wanquma ukuzisindisa yedwa, noma ngabe wayeka lonke ibutho. Ukuhlehla kwaqala ngomgwaqo u-Old Smolensk.
12. Abanye abantu baseRussia, izazi-mlando kanye nezazi zomphakathi kuphela emsebenzini, bathi umzabalazo wabahlanganyeli ezindaweni ezithathiwe uvele ngoba amaFrance acela okusanhlamvu noma izinkomo eziningi kakhulu. Eqinisweni, abalimi, ngokungafani nezazi-mlando zanamuhla, baqonda ukuthi lapho isitha siqhubeka ngokwengeziwe futhi sishesha emakhaya abo, maningi amathuba okuba basinde, kanye nomnotho wabo.
13. UDenis Davydov, ngenhloso yokuyalela iqembu labanqobi, wenqaba ukubuyela esikhundleni sokuba yisekela lomkhuzi webutho lePrince Bagration. I-oda lokudala iqembu likaDavydov elalizimele lalingumbhalo wokugcina osayindwe yiBagration efayo. Ifa lomndeni waseDavydov laliseduze nensimu yeBorodino.
UDenis Davydov
14. NgoDisemba 14, 1812, ukuhlasela kokuqala kweRussia ngamabutho aseYurophu ahlangene kwaphela. Eshaya ikhwela eParis, uNapoleon wabeka isiko lapho bonke ababusi abaphucukile ababehlasela iRussia behlulwa khona ngenxa yamakhaza amabi aseRussia kanye nomgwaqo ongekho sibi kangako waseRussia. Ubuhlakani obukhulu baseFrance (uBennigsen wamvumela ukuthi antshontshe okungaba yizinkulungwane eziyizigidi zamapulangwe ezingalungile zamakhadi okusolwa ukuthi yiGeneral Staff) adle imininingwane engaminyene. Futhi empini yaseRussia, umkhankaso wangaphandle waqala.
Isikhathi sokuya ekhaya…
15. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeziboshwa ezasala eRussia azange nje ziphakamise izinga elijwayelekile lesiko. Bacebisa ulimi lwesiRussia ngamagama athi “ball skier” (asuka ku-cher ami - umngani othandekayo), “shantrapa” (ngokunokwenzeka kusuka ku-chantra pas - “akakwazi ukucula.” Ngokusobala, abalimi bezwa lawa mazwi ngenkathi bekhethelwa ikhwaya yeserf noma itiyetha) "(NgesiFulentshi, ukushiswa kwamahhashi. Ezikhathini ezondlekile zokuhlehla, amaFulentshi adla amahhashi awile, okwakuyinto entsha kubantu baseRussia. Bese ukudla kwaseFrance kwakuneqhwa).
