IVesuvius iyintaba-mlilo esebenzayo ezwekazini laseYurophu futhi ibhekwa ngokufanelekile njengeyingozi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nomakhelwane bayo baseziqhingini i-Etna neStromboli. Noma kunjalo, izivakashi azesabi le ntaba eqhumayo, ngoba ososayensi bahlala beqapha umsebenzi wamatshe entaba-mlilo futhi bakulungele ukuphendula ngokushesha emsebenzini ongaba khona. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iVesuvius ivame ukuba yimbangela yokubhujiswa okukhulu, kepha amaNtaliyane awazigqaji ngophawu lwawo lwemvelo ngenxa yalokhu.
Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana neNtaba iVesuvius
Kulabo abangazi ukuthi enye yezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ikuphi, kufanele wazi ukuthi itholakala e-Italy. Ukuxhumanisa kwawo ngokwezindawo kungama-40 ° 49'17 ″ s. sh. 14 ° 25'32 ″ ngaphakathi. Ububanzi nobude obukhonjisiwe ngama-degree bungendawo ephakeme kakhulu yentaba-mlilo, etholakala eNaples, esifundeni saseCampania.
Ukuphakama okuphelele kwale ntaba eqhumayo ngamamitha ayi-1281. IVesuvius ingeyohlelo lwezintaba i-Apennine. Okwamanje iqukethe izigaxa ezintathu, eyesibili yazo iyasebenza, kanti engenhla yiyona endala kunazo zonke, enegama leSomma. Le crater inobubanzi obungamamitha angama-750 nokujula kwamamitha angama-200. Isigaxa sesithathu sivela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi sinyamalale futhi ngemuva kokuqhuma okuqinile okulandelayo.
IVesuvius yakhiwe ngama-phonolites, ama-trachyte, nama-tephrites. Isigaxa saso sakhiwa izingqimba zodaka ne-tuff, okwenza umhlabathi wentaba-mlilo nomhlaba oseduze kwawo uvunde kakhulu. Ihlathi likaphayini likhula ngasemithambekeni, futhi izivini nezinye izithelo zezithelo kutshalwa ezinyaweni.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ukuqhuma kokugcina kwaba ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule, ososayensi abanakho ngisho nokungabaza ngokuthi intaba-mlilo iyasebenza noma ayisashabalali. Kufakazelwe ukuthi ukuqhuma okunamandla kuyashintshana nomsebenzi obuthakathaka, kepha isenzo esingaphakathi komgodi asinciphi nanamuhla, okuphakamisa ukuthi okunye ukuqhuma kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Umlando wokwakhiwa kwe-stratovolcano
Intaba-mlilo iVesuvius yaziwa njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu engxenyeni yezwekazi laseYurophu. Ima njengentaba ehlukile, eyakhiwa ngenxa yokuhamba kwebhande laseMedithera. Ngokusho kwezibalo zezazi zentaba-mlilo, lokhu kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 edlule, futhi nemininingwane iyashiwo lapho kuqhuma okokuqala. Cishe ukuqala komsebenzi weVesuvius kubhekwa njenge-7100-6900 BC.
Ekuqaleni kokuvela kwayo, i-stratovolcano kwakuyisigaxa esinamandla esibizwa namuhla ngokuthi yiSomma. Izinsalela zayo zisinda kuphela ezingxenyeni ezithile zentaba-mlilo yesimanje esenhlonhlweni. Kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni le ntaba yayiyisiqeshana esihlukile somhlaba, okwathi kuphela ngenxa yokuqhuma okuningana kwaba yingxenye yeNaples.
Isikweletu esikhulu ocwaningweni lweVesuvius ngelika-Alfred Ritman, owabeka umbono ocashuniwe wamanje mayelana nokuthi kwakhiwa kanjani i-potassium lavas ephezulu. Ngokombiko wakhe wokwakhiwa kwezigaxa, kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwama-dolomites. Izendlalelo ze-Shale ezisukela ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula koqweqwe lomhlaba zisebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sedwala.
Izinhlobo zokuqhuma
Kwi-volcano ngayinye, kunencazelo ethile yokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, kepha ayikho idatha enjalo yeVesuvius. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uziphatha ngendlela engalindelekile. Eminyakeni yokusebenza kwayo, selivele selushintshe uhlobo lokukhishwa ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho ososayensi abakwazi ukubikezela kusengaphambili ukuthi luyozibonakalisa kanjani ngokuzayo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zokuqhuma okwaziwa ngomlando wokuba khona kwazo, kukhona okulandelayo:
- UPlinian;
- ukuqhuma;
- ukuchithwa;
- ukuqhuma kwe-effusion;
- ayifanele ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile.
Ukuqhuma kokugcina kohlobo lukaPlinian kungomhla ka-79 AD. Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngokukhishwa okunamandla kwemagma phezulu esibhakabhakeni, kanye nemvula yomlotha, ehlanganisa zonke izindawo eziseduze. Ukukhishwa kweziqhumane akwenzekanga kaningi, kepha esikhathini sethu ungabala imicimbi eyishumi nambili yalolu hlobo, eyokugcina eyenzeka ngo-1689.
Ukuqhuma komfutho we-lava kuhambisana nokuphuma kodaka olusuka emgodini nokusatshalaliswa kwalo ngaphezulu. Kwi-volcano yaseVesuvius, lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuqhuma. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuhambisana nokuqhuma, okuyinto, njengoba uyazi, kwaba ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kokugcina. Umlando urekhode imibiko yomsebenzi we-stratovolcano, ongazinikeli ngezinhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla, kepha amacala anjalo awazange achazwe kusukela ngekhulu le-16.
Sincoma ukufunda ngeTeide Volcano.
Imiphumela yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo
Kuze kube manje, akukwazeki ukukhomba ukwenzeka okuqondile mayelana nomsebenzi weVesuvius, kepha kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi phakathi kokuqhuma okukhulu kukhona i-lull, lapho intaba ingabizwa ngokuthi ilele khona. Kodwa ngisho nakulesi sikhathi, izazi zentaba-mlilo aziyeki ukuqapha ukusebenza kwe-magma ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi zesigaxa.
Ukuqhuma okunamandla kunakho konke kubhekwa njengePlinian yokugcina, eyenzeka ngo-79 AD. Lolu usuku lokufa kwedolobha lasePompeii nakwamanye amadolobha asendulo aseduze neVesuvius. Izinkomba zomlando zaziqukethe izindaba ngalo mcimbi, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lena kwakuyinsumansumane ejwayelekile eyayingenabo ubufakazi obubhaliwe. Ngekhulu le-19, kwakutholakala ubufakazi bokwethenjelwa kwale mininingwane, ngoba ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwemivubukulo bathola izinsalela zamadolobha nezakhamuzi zawo. Ukugeleza kodaka ngesikhathi kuqhuma iPlinian kwakugcwele igesi, yingakho izidumbu zingazange zibole, kepha zaqina ngokoqobo.
Umcimbi owenzeka ngo-1944 uthathwa njengongathokozi. Ngemuva kwalokho udaka lwashisa amadolobha amabili. Ngaphandle komthombo onamandla odaka obunokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-500, kungenzeka ukugwema ukulahleka okukhulu - kwafa abantu abangama-27 kuphela. Nokho, lokhu akunakushiwo ngokunye ukuqhuma, okwaba yinhlekelele ezweni lonke. Usuku lokuqhuma alwaziwa kahle, ngoba ngoJulayi 1805 kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba, ngenxa yalokho intaba-mlilo iVesuvius yavuka. Ngenxa yalokho, iNaples yacishe yabhujiswa ngokuphelele, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-25 balahlekelwa izimpilo zabo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeVesuvius
Abantu abaningi baphupha ngokunqoba intaba-mlilo, kodwa umqansa wokuqala weVesuvius wawungo-1788. Kusukela lapho, izincazelo eziningi zalezi zindawo nezithombe ezinhle zivele, zombili emithambekeni nasezinyaweni. Namuhla, izivakashi eziningi ziyazi ukuthi yiliphi izwekazi nokuthi iyiphi intaba-mlilo eyingozi ekhona, ngoba kungenxa yokuthi bavame ukuvakashela e-Italy, ikakhulukazi, eNaples. Ngisho noPyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy ukhulume ngeVesuvius kudayari yakhe.
Ngenxa yentshisekelo enjalo ekukhuleni kwezokuvakasha, kunakwe kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda efanelekile yokuqwala intaba eyingozi. Okokuqala, i-funicular yafakwa, eyavela lapha ngo-1880. Ukuthandwa kokuheha kwakukukhulu kangangokuba abantu beza kulesi sifunda bezonqoba iVesuvius kuphela. Kuyiqiniso, ngo-1944 ukuqhuma kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwemishini yokuphakamisa.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, kwaphinde kwafakwa indlela yokuphakamisa emithambekeni. Kwakudume kakhulu futhi phakathi kwezivakashi ezaziphupha ngokuthatha isithombe sisuka kulentaba-mlilo, kodwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1980 kwalilimaza kakhulu, akekho noyedwa owaqala ukubuyisa ilifti. Njengamanje, ungakhuphuka iNtaba iVesuvius ngezinyawo kuphela. Umgwaqo wabekwa endaweni ephakeme yekhilomitha elilodwa, lapho kwafakwa khona indawo enkulu yokupaka. Ukuhamba entabeni kuvunyelwe ngezikhathi ezithile nasemizileni ebekiwe.
