ISt. Mark's Cathedral yiparele lokwakha laseVenice nase-Italy, okuyindalo eyingqayizivele eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengeyakudala yokwakhiwa kwesonto laseByzantine. Iyamangaza ngobukhazikhazi bayo, ubungqayizivele bokwakhiwa kwayo, ukuhlobisa okunekhono kwezingilazi, ukunethezeka kokwakhiwa kwangaphakathi nomlando othokozisayo wamakhulu eminyaka.
Umlando weSonto LaseSt
Indawo lapho izinsalela zikaSt.Mark the Evangelist zazikhona kwaze kwaba ngu-828 kwakuyidolobha lase-Alexandria. Ngesikhathi sokucindezelwa kwemibhikisho yabalimi eyaqubuka lapho, abajezisi abangamaSulumane babhubhisa amasonto amaningi obuKristu futhi babhubhisa nezindawo ezingcwele. Bese abathengisi ababili abavela eVenice bahamba ngomkhumbi baya ogwini lwase-Alexandria ukuze bavikele izinsalela zeSt. Mark ekucekelweni phansi bese beziyisa ekhaya. Ukuze badlule emasikweni, basebenzisa iqhinga, befihla ubhasikidi nezinsalela zikaSt.Mark ngaphansi kwezidumbu zengulube. Ithemba labo lokuthi izikhulu zamasiko amaSulumane zizokwedelela ukuncika kungulube lalifanelekile. Bawela umngcele ngempumelelo.
Ekuqaleni, izinsalela zomphostoli zazibekwe esontweni laseSt. Theodore. Ngoku-oda kweDoge Giustiniano Partechipazio, kwakhiwa isonto elizobabeka eduze kwesigodlo sikaDoge. Idolobha lathola ukusekelwa kukaSt.Mark, isibonakaliso sakhe esinjengengonyama enamaphiko egolide saba uphawu lwenhlokodolobha yeRiphabhuliki yaseVenetian.
Imililo eyagubuzela iVenice ngekhulu le-10 kuya kwele-11 yaholela ekwakhiweni kabusha kwethempeli. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwayo, eduze nokubukeka kwanamuhla, kwaqedwa ngo-1094. Umlilo ngo-1231 walimaza isakhiwo sesonto, ngenxa yalokho kwenziwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela, owaphela ngokwakhiwa kwe-altare ngo-1617. Ithempeli elihle ngokubabazekayo kusuka ngaphandle nangaphakathi libukeke lihle kakhulu kunaleli elidlule, lihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yabangcwele, izingelosi kanye nabafel 'ukholo abakhulu, imihlobiso emangalisayo eqoshiwe yangaphambi kwalokho.
Isonto lombhishobhi laba yindawo eyinhloko yenkolo yeRiphabhulikhi yaseVenetian. Ukugcotshwa kukaDoges kwabanjwa kuwo, amatilosi adumile athola izibusiso, aqala uhambo olude, abantu basemadolobheni bahlangana ngezinsuku zemikhosi nezinkinga. Namuhla sisebenza njengesihlalo se-Patriarch yaseVenetian futhi siyindawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO.
Izici zokwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu
Ithempeli labaPhostoli abayiShumi naMbili laba yisibonelo seCathedral yaseSt. Isakhiwo saso sokwakheka sisekelwe esiphambanweni samaGrikhi, sigcwaliswe nge-dome yevolumu phakathi nendawo kwezimpambana-mgwaqo nezindlu ezine ezinhlangothini zesiphambano. Ithempeli elinendawo engamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezine ligijimela kumamitha angama-43.
Ukulungiswa okuningi kwesonto kuhlangane ngokuvumelanayo izitayela eziningi zokwakha.
Ama-facade ahlanganisa ngokuvumelanayo imininingwane yemabula esempumalanga nezitebhisi ezisezingeni eliphansi zezitayela zase-Romanesque nezama-Greek. Izinsika zase-Ionia nezaseKorinte, izindlunkulu zamaGoth nezithombe eziningi zinikeza ithempeli ubukhosi obuphakeme.
E-façade emaphakathi nentshonalanga, kudonswa ukunakekelwa kuzindawo ezi-5 ezihlotshiswe ngama-tympans wekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ubuciko bokudweba obuvela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya ezikhathini zasendulo. Phezulu kwesiqeshana esiyinhloko kuhlotshiswe ngama-turrets amancane, engezwe emakhulwini ayisithupha edlule, kanti maphakathi ngenhla nomnyango kuphakama isithombe sikaSt.Mark, esizungezwe izibalo zezingelosi. Ngaphansi kwayo, umfanekiso webhubesi elinamaphiko ucwebezela ngesibani segolide.
I-facade eseningizimu iyathakazelisa ngamakholomu wekhulu lesi-5 anezinto eziqoshwe ngesitayela saseByzantine. Ekhoneni elingaphandle lomgcinimafa, imifanekiso ebunjiwe yababusi abane be-tetrarch yekhulu le-4, elethwe eConstantinople, iheha iso. Imidwebo emihle yaseRome yangekhulu le-13 ihlobisa izindonga eziningi zangaphandle zethempeli. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lesi sakhiwo saqedwa nge-vestibule (ngekhulu le-XII), indawo yokubhapathiza (ngekhulu le-XIV) kanye ne-sacristy (i-XV century).
Ukunethezeka komhlobiso wangaphakathi
Umhlobiso ongaphakathi kweCathedral yaseSt.Mark, owenziwe ngesitayela sendabuko saseVenetian, ubangela injabulo nokuvuselelwa okungakaze kube khona ngokomoya. Izithombe ngaphakathi ziyamangalisa ngendawo enkulu nobuhle bemidwebo yemidwebo esemboza ama-vaults, ubuso bezindonga, izindlu kanye nemengamo. Ukudalwa kwabo kwaqala ngo-1071 futhi kwahlala cishe amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili eminyaka.
Imidwebo yeNarthex
I-narthex yigama lesonto elandulela ukungena kwesonto. Isijobelelo salo esinemidwebo yobuciko ebonisa izigcawu zeTestamente Elidala sibuyele emuva ekhulwini le-12th-13th. Lapha kuvela phambi kwamehlo:
- Idome mayelana nokudalwa komhlaba, lihlotshiswe ngezikali zegolide nokuheha ukunakwa ngomfanekiso wezinsuku eziyi-6 zokudalwa komhlaba okusencwadini kaGenesise.
- Imengamo yeminyango evula umnyango wethempeli iheha ukunakwa ngomjikelezo wemidwebo yamatshe ngempilo yokhokho, izingane zabo, izehlakalo zikaZamcolo kanye nezinye izigcawu eziseBhayibhelini.
- Izindlu ezintathu zikaJoseph ohlangothini olusenyakatho lwe-narthex zethula iziqephu ezingama-29 ezivela empilweni yeBhayibheli kaJoseph the Beautiful. Oseyili bendlu, kuvela izibalo zabaprofethi ezinemiqulu, lapho kubhalwa khona iziphrofetho ngokubonakala koMsindisi.
- Idome likaMose lipendwe ngomdwebo wezigcawu eziyi-8 zezenzo ezenziwa ngumphrofethi uMose.
Izakhiwo ze-mosaics zangaphakathi kwethempeli
I-mosaics ye-cathedral iqhubeka nokulandisa ngomusa kwe-narthex ehlotshaniswa nokulindelwa kokuvela kukamesiya. Zibonisa imisebenzi yokuphila kukaJesu Kristu, impilo kaTheotokos oNgcwelengcwele kanye noMvangeli uMark:
- Kusukela kudome oluphakathi nendawo (igumbi elihlanganisiwe lesonto lesonto), uMama kaNkulunkulu ubheka ngaphandle, ezungezwe ngabaprofethi. Ingqikithi yokugcwaliseka kweziprofetho inikelwe kwimidwebo eyishumi yodonga oluqoshiwe kanye nezigcawu ezi-4 ngaphezulu kwe-iconostasis, eyenziwe ngokwemidwebo yeTintoretto edumile ngekhulu le-XIV.
- I-Mosaics ye-transverse nave (transept), ekhuluma ngemicimbi echazwe eTestamenteni Elisha nezibusiso zikaJesu, yaba umhlobiso wezindonga namagumbi.
- Imidwebo ekhangayo yamakhothamo ngenhla kwedome emaphakathi ikhombisa izithombe zokuhlushwa okwenzeka kuKristu, kusukela ekubethelweni esiphambanweni kuya ovukweni. Maphakathi nedome, isithombe sokuKhuphukela ezulwini koMsindisi sivela phambi kwamakholwa.
- Ku-sacristy, phezulu kwezindonga namagumbi okuhlobisa kuhlotshiswe ngochungechunge lwemidwebo yemifanekiso yekhulu le-16, eyenziwe ngokusho kwemidwebo kaTitian.
- Umsebenzi wobuciko uphansi wamathayili wemabula anemibala eminingi, ahlanganiswe ngamaphethini wejometri nezitshalo ezibonisa izakhamuzi zezilwane zomhlaba.
I-altare legolide
Ithempeli eliyigugu leCathedral yaseSt.Mark neVenice libhekwa njenge "altare legolide" - iPala D'Oro, elenziwa cishe iminyaka engama-500. Ukuphakama kwendalo eyingqayizivele yehlelo kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2,5, kanti ubude cishe buyi-3.5 metres. I-altare liheha ukunakwa ngezithonjana ezingama-80 kuhlaka lwegolide, oluhlotshiswe ngamatshe amaningi ayigugu. Ifaka ingqondo ngamakamelo woqweqwe angama-250 enziwe kusetshenziswa inqubo eyingqayizivele.
Isikhungo se-altare sabelwe iPantokrator - inkosi yasezulwini, ehlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ezinhlangothini izungezwe izindondo eziyindilinga ezinobuso babaphostoli-abavangeli. Ngenhla kwekhanda lakhe kukhona izindondo ezinengelosi ezinkulu namakherubi. Emigqeni engenhla ye-iconostasis kunezithonjana ezinezihloko zevangeli, kusuka ezithombeni ezikumugqa ophansi okhokho, abafel 'ukholo nabaprofethi ababukekayo. Ezinhlangothini ze-altare, izithombe zempilo kaSt.Mark zilandela zibheke phezulu. Ingcebo ye-altare ifinyeleleka ngokukhululeka, okwenza sikwazi ukubona yonke imininingwane futhi sijabulele ubuhle baphezulu.
IBell Tower kaSanta Mark
Eduze kweCathedral yaseSt.Mark kumi iCampanile - umbhoshongo wensimbi yesonto lombhoshongo oyisikwele. Iqedwa nge-belfry ethwelwe umqhele, lapho kufakwa khona isithombe sethusi se-Archangel Michael. Ukuphakama okuphelele kombhoshongo wensimbi kungamamitha angama-99. Izakhamuzi zaseVenice ngothando zibiza umbhoshongo webell waseSt.Mark ngokuthi "inkosikazi yendlu." Kuwo wonke umlando wayo omude osukela ngekhulu le-12, ubusebenza njengendawo yokulinda, i-lighthouse, i-Observatory, i-belfry kanye nedokodo elihle lokubuka.
Ekwindla ka-1902, umbhoshongo wensimbi wawa ngokuzumayo, okwathi ngemuva kwawo kwasala ingxenye yekhoneni kanye nebhalkhoni lekhulu le-16 elinemihlobiso yemabula neyethusi. Iziphathimandla zedolobha zanquma ukubuyisela iCampanile ngendlela yayo yasekuqaleni. Umbhoshongo wezinsimbi owenziwe kabusha wavulwa ngo-1912 ngezinsimbi ezi-5, esinye sazo esisindile kwasekuqaleni, kwathi ezine zanikelwa uPapa Pius X. Umbhoshongo wensimbi unikeza indawo emangalisayo yaseVenice neziqhingi eziseduze.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeCathedral yaseSt
- Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kweSonto laseSan Marco kwakusebenzisa izingodo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ezisuka ku-larch, ezaqina kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi.
- Ngaphezulu kwezingu-8000 sq. M. Zimbozwe ngamatshe aqoshwe ngamatshe emidwebo engemuva kwegolide. m of vaults, izindonga kanye nendlu yethempeli.
- I- "Altar yegolide" ihlotshiswe ngamapharele ayi-1 300, ama-emeraldi angama-300, amasafire angama-300, amagarnethi angama-400, ama-amethiste angama-90, amarubi angama-50, itopazi eli-4 nama-cameo ama-2. Izinsalela zeSt. Mark zilele endaweni ethembekile ngaphansi kwaso.
- Izindondo zoqweqwe lwawo nama-miniature ayehlobise i-altare akhethwa ngamasosha enkolo esigodlweni sezindela iPantokrator eConstantinople ngesikhathi somkhankaso wesine futhi ahanjiswa ethempelini.
- Umgcinimafa wesonto lesonto elikhulu ukhombisa ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela zobuKristu, izipho ezivela opapa nezinto ezingaba ngu-300 ezitholwe ngabantu baseVenetiya ngesikhathi kunqotshwa iConstantinople ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13.
- I-quadriga yamahhashi ethusi, yafakwa ngekhulu lesi-4 BC ngabadwebi bamaGreki, igcinwe endaweni yokugcina imali yesonto. Ikhophi elihlakaniphile lazo livela phezulu kwe-facade.
- Ingxenye yesonto lesonto yisonto iSt Isidore, elihlonishwa amaVenetians. Kuyo, ngaphansi kwe-altare, phumula izinsalela zabalungileyo.
Likuphi ikhathedrali, amahora okuvula
ICathedral of Saint Mark iphakama ePiazza San Marco enkabeni yeVenice.
Amahora wokuvula:
- ICathhedral - Novemba-Mashi kusuka ngo-9: 30 kuya ku-17: 00, Ephreli-Okthoba kusuka ngo-9: 45 kuya ku-17: 00. Ukuvakasha kukhululekile. Ukuhlolwa akuthathi ngaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-10.
- I "Golden Altar" ivulekele ukuvakashelwa: Novemba-Mashi kusuka 9:45 am to 4:00 pm, April-October from 9:45 am to 5:00 pm. Intengo yamathikithi - ama-euro ama-2.
- Umgcinimafa wethempeli uvulekile: Novemba-Mashi kusuka ngo-9: 45 kuya ku-16: 45, Ephreli-Okthoba kusuka ngo-9: 45 kuya ku-16: 00. Amathikithi abiza ama-euro ama-3.
Sincoma ukuthi sibheke eSt Peter's Cathedral.
NgamaSonto nangamaholide omphakathi, i-cathedral ivulekele izivakashi kusuka ngo-14: 00 kuya ku-16: 00.
Ukukhothamela izinsalela zikaSt.Mark, bheka imidwebo yekhulu le-13, izinsalela ezivela emasontweni aseConstantinople, ezaba yizindondo zemikhankaso yabalweli bempi, kunemifudlana engapheli yamakholwa nezivakashi.
