Injani iFrance? Futhi ingabe i-Eiffel Tower isho lukhulu kumaFrance? IFrance ayilutho ngaphandle kweParis, neParis ayilutho ngaphandle kwe-Eiffel Tower! Njengoba iParis iyinhliziyo yeFrance, ngakho-ke i-Eiffel Tower iyinhliziyo yeParis uqobo! Manje kuyamangaza ukucabanga, kepha kube nezikhathi lapho bebefuna ukuphuca leli dolobha inhliziyo yalo.
Umlando wokwakhiwa kwe-Eiffel Tower
Ngo-1886, eFrance, kwakusenziwa amalungiselelo eMbukiso Womhlaba, lapho kwakuhlelwe ukukhombisa umhlaba wonke impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe yaseFrance Republic eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule ngemuva kokubanjwa kweBastille (1789) kanye neminyaka eyi-10 kusukela ngosuku lokumenyezelwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yesithathu ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMongameli owakhethwa yiNational. umhlangano. Kwakunesidingo esiphuthumayo sohlaka olungasebenza njengendawo yokungena embukisweni futhi ngasikhathi sinye lumangaze ukuqala kwalo. Le arch bekufanele ihlale kwimemori yanoma ngubani, njengokuthile okufanekisa olunye lwezimpawu zeGreat French Revolution - bekungelona ize ukuthi ifanele ime esigcawini seBastille esizondwayo! Akuyona into yokuthi indawo yokungena bekufanele idilizwe eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-30, into esemqoka ukuyishiya inkumbulo!
Kwacatshangelwa cishe amaphrojekthi angama-700: abakhi bezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu bahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zabo, phakathi kwabo kwakungewona amaFulentshi kuphela, kepha ikhomishini yanikeza ukukhetha iphrojekthi yonjiniyela webhuloho u-Alexander Gustave Eiffel. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi umane "wagxaza" lo msebenzi kusuka kumklami othile wasendulo wase-Arab, kepha akekho owakwazi ukukuqinisekisa lokhu. Iqiniso latholakala eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 kuphela ngemuva kwe-Eiffel Tower ebucayi yamamitha angama-300, ekhumbuza intambo edumile yaseFrance Chantilly, esevele ingene yaqina ezingqondweni zabantu, njengophawu lweParis neFrance uqobo, eqhubeka negama lomdali wayo.
Lapho kuvezwa iqiniso ngabadali beqiniso bephrojekthi ye-Eiffel Tower, kwakungeyona into esabekayo kangako. Akukho mklami wama-Arabhu owayekhona, kepha kwakukhona onjiniyela ababili, uMaurice Kehlen no-Emile Nugier, abasebenzi be-Eiffel, abathuthukisa le phrojekthi ngesisekelo senkambiso entsha yezokwakha yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe - i-biomimetics noma i-bionics. Ingqikithi yalo mkhombandlela (we-Biomimetics - English) uqukethe ukuboleka imibono yayo ebalulekile emvelweni nokudlulisela le mibono ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngendlela yezixazululo zokwakha nezokwakha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe bolwazi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo namabhuloho.
Imvelo ivame ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinezigqoko ukwakha amathambo akhanyayo futhi aqinile "ezigceme" zayo. Isibonelo, ngezinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile noma izipanji zasolwandle, ama-radiolarians (protozoa) nezinkanyezi zasolwandle. Akukona nje kuphela ukuhlukahluka kwezixazululo zokwakhiwa kwamathambo okuhlaba umxhwele, kepha futhi "nokonga okokusebenza" ekwakhiweni kwazo, kanye namandla amakhulu ezakhiwo ezingamelana nengcindezi enkulu ye-hydrostatic yamanzi amakhulu.
Lo mgomo wokuqagela wasetshenziswa onjiniyela abancane baseFrance lapho benza iphrojekthi yokwakha umbhoshongo omusha wokungena kuMbukiso Womhlaba waseFrance. Amathambo e-starfish asebenza njengesisekelo. Futhi lesi sakhiwo esihle siyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwemigomo yesayensi entsha ye-biomimetics (bionics) ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.
Onjiniyela abasebenza ngokubambisana noGustave Eiffel abafakanga iphrojekthi yabo ngezizathu ezimbili ezilula:
- Izikimu ezintsha zokwakha ngaleso sikhathi zingancamela ukwethusa amalungu ekhomishini kunokuheha ngokungajwayelekile kwazo.
- Igama lomakhi webhuloho u-Alexander Gustov lalaziwa eFrance futhi lajabulela inhlonipho eyayifanele, futhi amagama kaNugier noKehlen awazange "alinganise" lutho. Futhi igama lika-Eiffel lingasebenza njengokuphela kokhiye wokuqalisa izinhlelo zakhe ezinesibindi.
Ngakho-ke, imininingwane yokuthi u-Alexander Gustov Eiffel wasebenzisa iphrojekthi ye-Arabhu engacabangi noma iphrojekthi yabantu bakhe abanomqondo ofanayo "ebumnyameni" yavele yaba nehaba ngokungadingekile.
Sengeza ukuthi u-Eiffel akagcinanga nje ngokusizakala ngephrojekthi yonjiniyela bakhe, yena uqobo wenza izichibiyelo kwimidwebo, esebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe olunothile ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho nezindlela ezikhethekile ezenziwe nguye, ezenze ukuthi kube namandla okuqinisa ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo nokuwunikeza umoya okhethekile.
Lezi zindlela ezikhethekile zazincike ekutholakaleni kwesayensi kukaprofesa waseSwitzerland we-anatomy uHerman von Meyer, owathi, eminyakeni engama-40 ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwe-Eiffel Tower, wabhala okutholakele okuthokozisayo: ikhanda lesifazane lalimbozwe ngenethiwekhi enhle yamathambo amancane amancane asabalalisa umthwalo ethanjeni ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu ukwabiwa kabusha, i-femur yomuntu ayiphuli ngaphansi kwesisindo somzimba futhi imelana nemithwalo emikhulu, yize ingena ejoyini nge-engela. Futhi le nethiwekhi inesakhiwo esiqinile sejometri.
Ngo-1866, unjiniyela wezakhiwo waseSwitzerland, uKarl Kuhlman, wafingqa isisekelo sobuchwepheshe besayensi sokuvulwa koprofesa we-anatomy, esetshenziswa uGustav Eiffel ekwakheni amabhuloho - ukusabalalisa umthwalo kusetshenziswa izisekelo ezigobile. Kamuva wasebenzisa indlela efanayo yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi njengombhoshongo wamamitha angamakhulu amathathu.
Ngakho-ke, lo mbhoshongo uyisimangaliso somcabango nobuchwepheshe bekhulu le-19 kuzo zonke izindlela!
Ngubani owakha i-Eiffel Tower
Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1886 umasipala waseParis waseThird French Republic no-Alexander Gustave Eiffel basayina isivumelwano lapho kukhonjiswa khona amaphuzu alandelayo:
- Kungakapheli iminyaka emi-2 nezinyanga eziyisithupha, i-Eiffel yaphoqeleka ukuthi yakhe umbhoshongo omkhulu obhekene nebhuloho laseJena. I-Seine eseChamp de Mars ngokwemiklamo yakhe.
- U-Eiffel uzohlinzeka ngombhoshongo ozosetshenziswa ngumuntu siqu ekupheleni kokwakhiwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka engama-25.
- Ukunikeza u-Eiffel uxhaso lwemali lokwakhiwa kombhoshongo kusuka kwisabelomali sedolobha esimalini sama-franc ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 ngegolide, okuzoba ngama-25% wesabelomali sokugcina sama-franc ayizigidi eziyi-7.8.
Iminyaka emi-2, izinyanga ezi-2 nezinsuku ezi-5, abasebenzi abangama-300, njengoba besho, "ngaphandle kokulova nezinsuku zokuphumula", basebenze kanzima ukuze umashi 31, 1889 (ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezingama-26 kuqale ukwakhiwa) ukuvulwa okukhulu kwesakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke, okwathi kamuva kwaba uphawu lweFrance entsha, kwenzeka.
Ukwakhiwa okuthuthukile okunjalo kwenziwa lula hhayi ngemidwebo eqondile futhi ecacile kuphela, kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-Ural. Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, lonke elaseYurophu lalilazi igama elithi "Yekaterinburg" ngenxa yale nsimbi. Ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo akuzange kusebenzise insimbi (okuqukethwe yikhabhoni okungekho ngaphezu kuka-2%), kodwa ingxubevange yensimbi ekhethekile eyayincibilikiswa ngokukhethekile emathanjeni eUral e-Iron Lady. I-Iron Lady elinye igama lendawo yokungena ngaphambi kokuthi ibizwa nge-Eiffel Tower.
Kodwa-ke, ama-alloys ensimbi abola kalula, ngakho-ke umbhoshongo wawupendwe ngethusi ngopende owenziwe ngokukhethekile owawuthatha amathani angama-60. Kusukela lapho, njalo eminyakeni eyisikhombisa i-Eiffel Tower ibilashwa futhi ipendwe ngendlela efanayo "yethusi" futhi njalo eminyakeni engu-7 kusetshenziswe amathani angu-60 kapende kulokhu. Uhlaka lombhoshongo uqobo lusinda cishe amathani ayi-7.3, kanti isisindo esiphelele, kufaka phakathi isisekelo sikakhonkolo, singamathani ayi-10 100! Inani lezinyathelo nalo libaliwe - ama-PC ayi-1 ayinkulungwane ayi-710.
Idizayini ye-Arch nengadi
Ingxenye yomhlabathi engezansi yenziwa ngesimo sephiramidi esinqunyiwe esinobude ohlangothini obungu-129.2 m, ngamakholomu akhona akhuphuka futhi akha, njengoba kuhlelwe, i-arch ephakeme (57.63 m). Kule "siling" evalekile ipulatifomu yokuqala eyisikwele iqinisiwe, lapho ubude bohlangothi ngalunye bucishe bube ngamamitha angama-46. Kulepulatifomu, njengasebhodini lomoya, kwakhiwa amahholo amaningana endawo yokudlela enkulu enamafasitela amakhulu okubukisa, lapho kwavulwa khona umbono omuhle wazo zonke izinhlangothi ezine zeParis. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, umbono osuka embhoshongweni osogwini lweSeine onebhuloho iPont de Jena wavusa umxhwele. Kepha insimbi eminyene eluhlaza - ipaki Ensimini yeMars, enendawo engaphezu kwamahektha angama-21, yayingekho ngaleso sikhathi.
Umqondo wokuphinda uhlele kabusha inkundla yokuqala yombukiso weRoyal Military School epaki yomphakathi wafika emqondweni womakhi kanye nensimu uJean Camille Formiget kuphela ngo-1908. Kwathatha iminyaka engama-20 ukwenza zonke lezi zinhlelo ziphile! Ngokungafani nohlaka oluqinile lwemidwebo, okwakhiwa ngayo i-Eiffel Tower, icebo lepaki lashintsha izikhathi ezingenakubalwa.
Ipaki, ekuqaleni eyayihlelwe ngesitayela esiqinile samaNgisi, ikhule ngandlela thile ngesikhathi sakhiwa (amahektha angama-24), futhi, njengoba seyithathe umoya weFrance yamahhala, "yahlala" ngentando yeningi phakathi kwemigqa emincane yejometri yezihlahla ezinde eziqinile nezindlela ezichazwe kahle, izihlahla eziningi eziqhakaza izimbali futhi amadolobhana "amadolobhana, ngaphezu kwemithombo yesiNgisi yakudala.
Imininingwane ethokozisayo ngokwakhiwa
Isiteji esiyinhloko sokwakha sasingahlanganisi ukufakwa "kwentambo yensimbi" uqobo lwayo, okwasetshenziswa kuyo ama-rivets-tie wensimbi angaba yizigidi ezi-3, kepha ekuzinzeni okuqinisekisiwe kwesisekelo nokuhambisana nezinga elihle ngokuphelele elingenhla lesakhiwo esikweleni samahektha ayi-1.6. Kuthathe izinyanga eziyi-8 kuphela "ngomsila" ukubopha iziqu ezivulekile zombhoshongo nokuwunikeza umumo oyindilinga, futhi kwathatha unyaka nohhafu ukubeka isisekelo esithembekile.
Uma kubhekwa incazelo yephrojekthi, isisekelo sincike ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ama-5 ngaphansi kwezinga lesiteshi seSeine, kubekwe amabhlogo ayi-100 amatshe ayi-10 m ubukhulu emgodini wesisekelo, futhi izisekelo ezinamandla eziyi-16 sezivele zakhelwe kulezi zibhulokhi, ezakha umgogodla wemilenze emi-4 yombhoshongo lapho kumi khona i-Eiffel Tower. Ngokwengeziwe, kufakwa umshini wokubacindezela emlenzeni ngamunye "wentokazi", ovumela "u-madam" ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi nendawo evundlile. Ukuphakamisa umthamo wedivayisi ngayinye kungamathani ayi-800.
Lapho ufaka isigaba esiphansi, ukwengeza kwethulwe kuphrojekthi - amakheshi ama-4, anyukela kupulatifomu yesibili. Kamuva, enye - ikheshi lesihlanu - yaqala ukusebenza ukusuka kwesibili kuya kwesithathu. Ikheshi lesihlanu livele ngemuva kokuthi ugesi ufakwe ugesi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kuze kube manje, wonke amakheshi ama-4 asebenze ngokudonswa kwe-hydraulic.
Imininingwane ethakazelisayo ngamakheshi
Ngenkathi amasosha amaFascist eJalimane engena eFrance, amaJalimane ahluleka ukulengisa ifulegi lesicabucabu phezu kombhoshongo - ngasizathu simbe, wonke amalifti abengasebenzi ngokungazelelwe. Futhi babekulesi simo iminyaka engu-4 elandelayo. I-swastika yayilungiswa kuphela ezingeni lesitezi sesibili, lapho kufika khona izinyathelo. I-French Resistance isho kabuhlungu: "UHitler ukwazile ukunqoba izwe laseFrance, kodwa akazange akwazi ukulishaya lisize!"
Yini enye okufanele uyazi ngombhoshongo?
Kumele sivume ngobuqotho ukuthi i-Eiffel Tower ayizange ibe "yinhliziyo yeParis" ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa, nangemva kokuvulwa (Mashi 31, 1889) umbhoshongo, owawukhanyiswe ngamalambu (amalambu kagesi ayi-10 000 anemibala yefulegi laseFrance), namalambu amabili ezibuko anamandla, okwenza kwaba kuhle futhi kube nesikhumbuzo, kwakukhona abantu abaningi ukwenqaba ubuhle obungavamile be-Eiffel Tower.
Ikakhulukazi, osaziwayo abanjengoVictor Hugo noPaul Marie Verlaine, u-Arthur Rimbaud noGuy de Maupassant baze baphendukela ehhovisi lemeya yaseParis ngenhloso yokuthukuthela yokusula ebusweni bomhlaba waseParis “isithunzi esinyanyekayo sesakhiwo esizondwayo esenziwe ngensimbi nangezikulufo, esizolula phezu kwedolobha, njenge ibhande likayinki, okonakalisa imigwaqo ekhanyayo yaseParis ngesakhiwo sayo esinengekayo! "
Iqiniso elithandekayo: isignesha yakhe kulesi sikhalazo, nokho, ayimvimbelanga uMaupassant ekubeni yisivakashi esivamile sokudlela egalari esitezi sesibili sombhoshongo. UMaupassant uqobo ukhononde ngokuthi le ndawo kuphela edolobheni lapho "isilo samantongomane" kanye ne "skeleton of screws" kungabonakali khona. Kepha umbhali wamanoveli owayenobuqili, o, umbhali wamanoveli omkhulu wayenamaqhinga!
Eqinisweni, ngokuba yisidlakela esidumile, uMaupassant akakwazanga ukuzincisha injabulo yokunambitha ama-oysters abhakwe futhi abanda eqhweni, ushizi othambile onephunga elimnandi onembewu ye-caraway, i-asparagus esencane eshunqiswe ngocezu oluncane lwe-veal eyomile hhayi ukugeza konke lokhu "okweqile" ngengilazi yokukhanya iwayini lamagilebhisi.
I-cuisine yendawo yokudlela i-Eiffel Tower kuze kube namuhla isalokhu igcwele ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ezitsheni zangempela zaseFrance, nokuthi inkosi edumile yemibhalo idle lapho kukhona ikhadi lokuvakashela le ndawo yokudlela.
Esitezi esifanayo sesibili, kunamathangi anamafutha omshini wemishini yokubacindezela. Esitezi sesithathu, epulatifomu lesikwele, bekukhona isikhala esanele sombukiso wezinkanyezi nowesimo sezulu. Futhi ipulatifomu lokugcina elincane elingamamitha ayi-1.4 nje kuphela lisebenza njengokweseka indlu yesibani ekhanya kusuka ekuphakameni okungamamitha angama-300.
Ukuphakama okuphelele ngamamitha we-Eiffel Tower ngaleso sikhathi kwakungamamitha angama-312, futhi ukukhanya kwendlu yesibani kwakubonakala ebangeni elingu-10 km. Ngemuva kokufaka amalambu kagesi esikhundleni sikagesi, indlu yesibani yaqala "ukushaya" ibanga elingama-70 km!
Noma ngabe le "ntokazi" yathanda noma ayithandi izazi zobuciko obuhle baseFrance, kuGustave Eiffel, ifomu lakhe elingalindelekile nelinesibindi likhokhele ngokuphelele yonke imizamo nezindleko zomakhi wezakhiwo esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha nje vo zoMbukiso Womhlaba, ubuchopho obungavamile bomakhi webhuloho buhanjelwe ngabantu abayizigidi ezi-2 abanelukuluku, ukugeleza okungazange kome ngisho nangemva kokuvalwa kwezakhiwo zombukiso.
Kamuva kwavela ukuthi konke ukucabanga okungalungile kukaGustav nonjiniyela bakhe kwakungaphezu kokufanele: umbhoshongo onesisindo esingamathani ayi-8,600, owenziwe ngezingxenye zensimbi ezihlakazekile eziyi-12,000, awuzange nje unyakaze lapho ama-pylon awo ecwila cishe u-1 m ngaphansi kwamanzi ngesikhathi sika-1910 uzamcolo. futhi ngawo lowo nyaka kwatholakala ngendlela ephathekayo ukuthi ayinyakazi ngisho nabantu abangu-12,000 emafulethini ayo amathathu.
- Ngo-1910, ngemuva kwalesi sikhukhula, kungaba ukuhlambalaza okukhulu ukucekela phansi i-Eiffel Tower, evikele abantu abaningi ababencishwe amathuba. Leli gama lanwetshwa okokuqala ngeminyaka engama-70, kwathi ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuphelele kwempilo ye-Eiffel Tower, laya ku-100.
- Ngo-1921, umbhoshongo waqala ukusebenza njengomthombo wokusakaza ngomsakazo, futhi kusukela ngo-1935 - futhi nokusakazwa kwethelevishini.
- Ngo-1957, umbhoshongo osuvele uphakeme wakhushulwa nge-telemast nge-12 m futhi "ukuphakama" kwayo okuphelele kwaba ngu-323 m 30 cm.
- Isikhathi eside, kuze kube ngu-1931, "intambo yensimbi" yaseFrance yayiyisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi ukwakhiwa kweChrysler Building eNew York kuphela okwaphula lo mlando.
- Ngo-1986, ukukhanya kwangaphandle kwalesi simangaliso sokwakhiwa kwathathelwa indawo yisistimu ekhanyisa umbhoshongo ngaphakathi, okwenza i-Eiffel Tower ingagcini nje ngokukhazimula, kodwa imilingo ngempela, ikakhulukazi ngamaholide nasebusuku.
Njalo ngonyaka uphawu lweFrance, inhliziyo yeParis ithola izivakashi eziyizigidi eziyisithupha. Izithombe ezithathwe kuzingxenyekazi zayo zokubuka ezi-3 ziyisikhumbuzo esihle sanoma yisiphi isivakashi. Ngisho nesithombe esiseduze kwakhe sesivele siziqhenya, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi kunamakhophi amancane aso emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Umbhoshongo omncane othakazelisa kakhulu kaGustav Eiffel, mhlawumbe, useBelarus, edolobhaneni laseParis, esifundeni saseVitebsk. Lo mbhoshongo ungamamitha angama-30 kuphela ukuphakama, kodwa uhlukile ngoba wenziwe ngokuphelele ngamapulangwe.
Sincoma ukuthi ubheke iBig Ben.
Kukhona ne-Eiffel Tower eRussia. Zintathu zazo:
- I-Irkutsk. Ukuphakama - 13 m.
- I-Krasnoyarsk. Ukuphakama - 16 m.
- Idolobhana laseParis, esifundeni saseChelyabinsk. Ukuphakama - 50 m. Kungekokusebenza kwamaselula futhi kungumbhoshongo wangempela osebenzayo esifundeni.
Kepha into enhle ukuthola i-visa yezivakashi, bheka iParis ne ... Cha, ungafi! Futhi ufe ngokujabula futhi uthwebule ukubuka kweParis kusuka e-Eiffel Tower uqobo, ngenhlanhla, ngosuku olucacile, idolobha liyabonakala ngamakhilomitha ayi-140. Kusuka eChamps Elysees kuya enhliziyweni yeParis - ukuphonswa nje kwetshe - 25 min. ngezinyawo.
Imininingwane yezivakashi
Ikheli - iChamp de Mars, insimu ye-Bastille yangaphambili.
Amahora okuvula we "Iron Lady" ahlala efana: nsuku zonke, kusukela maphakathi noJuni kuya ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kuvulwa ngo-9: 00, kuvalwa ngo-00: 00. Ebusika, kuvulwa ngo-9: 30 ekuseni, kuvalwe ngo-23: 00.
Isiteleka sabasebenzi bezinsizakalo abangama-350 kuphela esingavimbela i-Iron Lady ekutholeni izivakashi ezilandelayo, kodwa lokhu akukaze kwenzeke okwamanje!
