UVladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) wayengomunye wababhali baseRussia ababhekwe phansi. UTolstoy, nangemva kokufa kwakhe, umsebenzi womlobi ulahlekelwe isithunzi esibaluleke kunazo zonke ezincwadini zenkathi yokuguqula - ubukhali. Emisebenzini eminingi kaKorolenko, amaqhawe angamaqhawe ngomqondo wokubhala kuphela, njengabalingiswa. Imibhalo yango-1920, ngisho nangemva kwalokho, yayidinga izinhlamvu ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Noma kunjalo, akekho ongasusa emisebenzini ye-VG Korolenko izinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ngokunemba kokuphila kwezithombe nolimi olumangazayo. Ngisho nezinganekwane zakhe zifana nezindaba ezikhuluma ngempilo yangempela, futhi nemisebenzi enjengokuthi "imidwebo yaseSiberia nezindaba" kumane kuphefumule iqiniso.
UKorolenko waphila impilo enemicimbi eminingi, wazulazula ekudingisweni, phesheya, washiya ngamabomu impilo yasedolobheni. Yonke indawo wayethola isikhathi namandla okusiza abanye, engazinakekeli kangako. Ubuciko bakhe, ngeshwa, bekuyinto efana nokuzilibazisa kuye: ayikho eminye imisebenzi, ongabhala okuthile. Nasi isicaphuna sesici lapho umuntu angahlola khona kokubili ukujula komcabango nolimi lombhali:
“Ukufunda ubuntu cishe kungaphezulu kobuso bemifula maqondana nayo yonke indawo yamazwekazi. Ukaputeni ohamba ngale ngxenye yomfula udume impela kule ngxenye. Kepha ngokushesha nje lapho eshayela ibanga elingamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka ogwini ... Kukhona elinye izwe: izigodi ezibanzi, amahlathi, amadolobhana asakazeke phezu kwazo ... Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu imimoya nokuduma kwezulu kuduma ngomsindo, impilo iyaqhubeka, futhi ayikaze nakanye kuxutshwe negama likakaputeni wethu noma umbhali "odumile emhlabeni".
1. Ubaba Korolenko, ngokwesikhathi sakhe, wayethembekile ngokwe-pathologically. Ngo-1849, phakathi noshintsho olulandelayo, waqokwa njengejaji lesifunda edolobheni lesifundazwe. Lesi sikhundla sisho ukuthi, ngekhono elithile, ukushintshela ngokushesha kubahluleli besifundazwe nokwenyuselwa ezikhundleni okunye. Kodwa-ke, uGalaktion Korolenko wahlala ezingeni lakhe waze wafa. UVladimir wakhumbula okwenzeka ngemuva kwalokho ubaba wakhe wakhala wathi: “Ngenxa yakho, ngibe ngumuntu ofumbathisa imali!” Umfelokazi ompofu wayemangalela ukubalwa kwefa - wayeshade nomfowabo ka-count ongasekho. Amacala amaningi anjalo achazwe ezincwadini zaseRussia - ummangali wayevame ukungaboni lutho. Kepha uKorolenko Sr. unqume leli cala evuna lona wesifazane, ovele waba abacebe kakhulu esifundeni. Ijaji liyenqabile yonke imizamo yokuzwakalisa ukubonga ngokwezimali. Lapho-ke umfelokazi ocebile wambuka lapho engekho ekhaya, waletha izipho eziningi neziningi, futhi wayala ukuba zilethwe endlini ngokushesha. Kwakunezipho eziningi kakhulu ezazingenasikhathi sokuziqaqa ngesikhathi ubaba ebuya - izindwangu, izitsha, njll., Zazishiywe egumbini lokuphumula. Kwalandela isimo esesabekayo sezingane, esaphela kuphela ngokufika kwenqola, lapho baqala khona ukulayisha izipho zokubuya. Kodwa indodakazi encane, izinyembezi izinyembezi, yenqaba ukuhlukana nodoli omkhulu ayewuthole njengefa. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uKorolenko, ubaba, amemeza khona inkulumo ngokufumbathisa, ngemuva kwalokho ihlazo laphela.
2. UVladimir wayenomfowabo omdala nomncane nodadewabo ababili abancane. Abanye odade ababili bashona besebancane kakhulu. Izinga lokusinda elinjalo lezingane lingabhekwa njengesimangaliso - uGalaktion Korolenko wachitha ubusha bakhe ukuze angabi nemibono ngokuhlonishwa kwabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, wathatha intombazane yakwamakhelwane eyeve eshumini nambili njengomkakhe - umama wesikhathi esizayo kaVladimir Galaktionovich ngesikhathi somshado wayeneminyaka eyi-14 ubudala. Eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva komshado, uKorolenko Sr. wayehlanya kakhulu, futhi ukukhubazeka kwaphula ingxenye yomzimba wakhe. Ngemuva kweshwa, wahlala phansi, futhi uVladimir ngokwakhe wamkhumbula njengomuntu ozolile, othanda umama. Ukuzibandakanya kwakhe okuyinhloko kwakukhathalela impilo yabanye. Wayehlala egqokwa ngoyili wezinhlanzi, bese egqokiswa (izixazululo zokwelapha) ezandleni, bese kuba nezihlanzisi zegazi, bese kuba nezihlikihliki zenaliti, bese kuthi nge-homeopathy ... Umsebenzi wokugcina wokuzilibazisa ume lapho uJulian Korolenko omncane, owayeyigourmet enhle, engawadli wonke amaphilisi amnandi ngokomqondo kwakuqukethe amanani we-homeopathic we-arsenic. Lokhu akuzange kuthinte impilo yakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela, kepha imibono ye-homeopathic kaGalaktion Korolenko yaphikiswa.
3. Ukufunda imisebenzi kaKorolenko, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi yena uqobo wafunda ukufunda ezincwadini zasePoland, wafunda ngesiPolish esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso, kuyilapho izingane kwakudingeka zikhulume ngaphandle kwekilasi ngesiJalimane noma isiFulentshi. I-pedagogy yayilula ize ifike ekumangalisweni: labo ababesho igama noma ibinzana ngolimi "olungalungile" ngalolo suku balengise ipuleti elisindayo entanyeni yabo. Ungayisusa - uyilengise entanyeni yomunye umuntu ongenile. Futhi, ngokuya ngokuhlakanipha kwabasendulo, isijeziso senziwa ngokuya ngomgomo othi "Maye kulabo abanqotshiwe!" Ekupheleni kosuku, umfundi ophethe uqwembe entanyeni yakhe uthole ukushaywa kabuhlungu engalweni enerula.
4. Umbhali wokuqala emndenini kaKorolenko kwakungumfowabo omdala kaVladimir uYulian. Umndeni wabe uhlala eRovno, kanti uYulian ngokungahleliwe wathumela imidwebo yesifundazwe ephephandabeni i- "Birzhevye Vedomosti", elalisanda kuqala ukushicilelwa. UVladimir wabhala kabusha indalo yomfowabo. Le "prose of life" ayizange ishicilelwe kuphela, isikhathi ngasinye ithumela inombolo kuJulian, kodwa futhi yayikhokha imali enzima ngayo. Lapho uJulian esethole ukudluliselwa kwama-ruble ayi-18, yize izikhulu zathola ama-ruble amathathu no-5 ngenyanga.
5. Umsebenzi kaV. Korolenko wokubhala waqala ngesikhathi esafunda e-Technological Institute. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wakhe kumagazini iRusskiy Mir ungabizwa ngokuthi “izincwadi” kunemibandela - uKorolenko ubhalele "imidwebo yempilo yesifundazwe" lo magazini ngokungajwayelekile.
6. Ngemuva kokufunda e-Technological Institute unyaka owodwa kuphela, uKorolenko wathuthela eMoscow, lapho angena khona ePetrovskaya Academy. Ngaphandle kwegama layo elizwakalayo, bekuyisikhungo semfundo esanikeza ulwazi olumaphakathi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini esetshenzisiwe. Ukuziphatha esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme kwakukhululekile, futhi kulapho umfundi uKorolenko athola khona amava okulwa neziphathimandla. Isizathu besisincane - umfundi obefunwa waboshwa. Kodwa-ke, ozakwabo banquma ukuthi lezo zenzo emkhakheni wesikhungo semfundo ephakeme zazicindezelwa, futhi uKorolenko wabhala ikheli (isikhalazo) lapho abiza khona ukuphathwa kwesikhungo ngokuthi yigatsha labaphathi bamaphoyisa aseMoscow. Waboshwa futhi wathunyelwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwamaphoyisa eKronstadt, lapho kwakuhlala khona unina kaVladimir ngaleso sikhathi.
7. Ngeshwa, imisebenzi yezenhlalo kaVladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) yasibekela imisebenzi yakhe yezincwadi. U-Anatoly Lunacharsky, osevele ngemuva kokuthi amaBolsheviks ethathe amandla (noma, uma kukhona ofuna, ashaqe) amandla eRussia ngemuva koHulumeni Wesikhashana, ethatha u-V. Kuwo wonke umuntu othanda uLunacharsky wokuphakanyiswa, umbono wakhe kufanele unakwe.
8. Elinye iqiniso elihehayo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umphakathi okhanyiselwe waseRussia wawukholelwa ukuthi kulaba babhali ababephila ngaleso sikhathi, uTolstoy noKorolenko babefanelwe ukubalulwa. Endaweni ethile eseduze, kepha engezansi, kwakuyiChekhov, ephakeme kungaba abanye babafile, kepha akekho noyedwa ophilayo oseduze kwama-titans owayesondele.
9. Ukwethembeka nokungakhethi kukaKorolenko kuboniswa kahle ngendaba yenkantolo yokuhlonipha u-Alexei Suvorin, eyenzeka ehlobo lika-1899 eSt. USuvorin wayeyintatheli enethalente kakhulu futhi edlala umbhali wemidlalo futhi ebusheni bakhe wayengowombuthano ovulekile. Njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, eminyakeni yakhe evuthiwe (ngesikhathi semicimbi wayeseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60) uSuvorin waphinde wacubungula imibono yakhe yezepolitiki - baba ngamakhosi. Umphakathi ovulekile wamzonda. Futhi-ke, ngesikhathi sezinxushunxushu zabafundi ezalandela, uSuvorin washicilela udaba lapho athi kwakungangcono ukuthi abafundi bafunde ngokuzimisela kunokugxambukela kwezepolitiki. Ngenxa yalokhu kuvukela umbuso walethwa enkantolo yokuhlonishwa kweNyunyana Yababhali. Kwakuhlanganisa V. Korolenko, I. Annensky, I. Mushketov nabanye ababhali eziningana. Cishe wonke umphakathi, kubandakanya noSuvorin uqobo, babelinde isinqumo esinecala. Kodwa-ke, uKorolenko ukwazile ukukholisa ozakwabo ukuthi, yize i-athikili kaSuvorin yayingathandeki kubo, uveza ngokukhululeka umbono wakhe wangasese. Ukushushiswa kukaKorolenko kwaqala ngokushesha. Kwesinye sezikhalazo, abasayine abangu-88 bafuna ukuthi ayeke imisebenzi yomphakathi neyezincwadi. UKorolenko wabhala encwadini wathi: "Uma kungenjalo bangama-88, kodwa bangu-88 880 abantu abebebhikisha, besisazoba" nesibindi somphakathi "ukusho okufanayo ..."
10. UVladimir Galaktionovich, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti, wabona abameli abaningi, kodwa umbono omkhulu kakhulu kuye kwenziwa ngummeli wesicukuthwane esadingisiwe uLevashov. Ngesikhathi sokuhlala kukaKorolenko ekudingisweni eBiserovskaya volost (manje yisifunda saseKirov), wafunda ukuthi hhayi kuphela abantu abangathembekile kwezepolitiki, kodwa futhi nabantu ababengathandeki baqala ukudingiswa ekuphathweni. U-Levashov wayeyindodana yomuntu owayecebe kakhulu owacasula ubaba wakhe ngama-antics akhe eseceleni komthetho. Ubaba ucele ukuthunyelwa enyakatho. Le nsizwa, eyathola ukwesekwa okuhle ekhaya, yaphenduka ngamandla amakhulu. Okunye ukuzijabulisa kwakhe bekumele izintshisekelo zabantu bomdabu enkantolo. Wenza izinkulumo ezibucayi ezivuma ngokuphelele icala lekhasimende lakhe. Lezi zinkulumo nabantu baseRussia baqonde ngamagama amabili kwesithathu, lapho iVotyakam. Ekugcineni, uLevashov wacela inkantolo ukuthi isinciphise isijeziso ngenxa yesihe. Ijaji lalivame ukuhoxa, futhi amaklayenti ahlengezela izinyembezi esifubeni sikaLevashov, ngenxa yakhe ngokumsindisa ngesijeziso esibi.
11. Ngo-1902, kwaqubuka izinxushunxushu zabalimi endaweni yasePoltava. Kwakungokuhlubuka okufanayo okungenangqondo futhi okungenasihe eRashiya: iziza zacekelwa phansi futhi zaphangwa, izimenenja zashaywa, izinqolobane zashiswa ngomlilo, njll. Izinxushunxushu zasuswa ngokushesha ngemivimbo yodwa. Abagqugquzeli bazanywa. UKorolenko wabe esejabulele igunya elikhulu, futhi abameli babalimi abalethwa enkantolo babuzwa endlini yakhe. Okumangaze kakhulu uKorolenko ukuthi abameli abebevela enhlokodolobha bebengezukusebenza nhlobo enkantolo. Babefuna kuphela ukukhombisa umbhikisho omkhulu wokuphikisana nomthetho, bangene emaphephandabeni, benqabe ukuvikela abamangalelwa. Izinkanyiso zomthetho zazingenandaba nokuthi abalimi babengathola iminyaka eminingi yokusebenza kanzima. Ngobunzima obukhulu, umbhali nabameli bePoltava bakwazile ukuncenga abameli benkosi yenhloko ukuthi bangaphazamisi inqubo. Abameli bendawo bavikela ummangalelwa ngamunye ngokufaneleka kwakhe, ngaphandle kokudonswa kwezepolitiki, futhi abanye babalimi baze batholwa bengenacala.
12. Umgubho onesizotha wokugubha iminyaka engama-50 kwazalwa kanye nesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-25 sokusebenza kukaV. Korolenko seziphenduke amaholide amasiko amakhulu eSt. Isikali saso siveza okushiwo ubuntu bombhali nemisebenzi yakhe. Kakade ePoltava, uKorolenko uthole inqwaba yokuhalalisela. Nokho, enhlokodolobha, ukuhalalisela ngomlomo nangokubhala kwakunganele. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi omagazini namaphephandaba ayi-11 anamasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nemibono yezepolitiki abambe iqhaza ekuhlelweni kwemihlangano yemikhosi namakhonsathi.
13. Phakathi kweMpi Yerussian-Japan kanye neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, imibono ka-Korolenko yokushisekela izwe yasuka esifisweni sokunqoba umbuso wama-tsarist empini yokuqala wasekelwa ngokugcwele iRussia kweyesibili. Ngenxa yalokhu, umlobi wayegxekwa kakhulu ngu-IV Lenin.
14. UV. Korolenko wayejwayelene ngqo no-Azef noNikolai Tatarov - abaphathi bamaphoyisa abayimfihlo abakhulu phakathi kwabaholi beSocialist-Revolutionary Party. Wahlangana no-Yevno Azef ngenkululeko, futhi wawela izindlela noTatarov ngesikhathi edingisiwe e-Irkutsk.
15. Ngemuva kokudabula iSiberia yonke ekudingisweni, uKorolenko wazibonakalisa ukuthi wayengeke aduke ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Eduzane nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, wamangaza izakhamizi zendawo ngekhono lokwenza izicathulo - yena nomfowabo, ngenkathi besabaningi, bavumelana ngobuciko bezandla ezahlukahlukene. EYakutia, lapho kwakungadingeki khona ikhono lokwenza izicathulo, waphenduka umlimi. Ukolweni olinywa nguye namanye amazwe ayizintombi athunjiwe, wanikeza isivuno esingu-1: 18, okwakungacabangi ngaleso sikhathi ngisho nasezifundeni zaseCossack zaseDon naseKuban.
16. Umbhali waphila cishe iminyaka engama-70, kepha wadala imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu yezincwadi ngesikhathi salokho okuthiwa. "Nizhny Novgorod eyishumi". Ngo-1885 uKorolenko wabuya ekudingisweni. Wavunyelwa ukuhlala eNizhny Novgorod. UVladimir Galaktionovich washada nothando lwakhe lwesikhathi eside u-Evdokia Ivanova, washiya imisebenzi yakhe yokuguqula amalungelo abantu futhi wathatha izincwadi. Wamuklomelisa ikhulu - ngokushesha okukhulu uKorolenko waba ngomunye wababhali abathandwa kakhulu nabazwisiswa kakhulu eRussia. Futhi-ke konke kwahamba njengaphambilini: i-Petersburg, ukuhlelwa kwamamagazini, umzabalazo wezepolitiki, ukuvikelwa kwabathobekile nabathukiweyo, njalonjalo waze wafa ngo-1921.
17. UKorolenko wayengumuntu ophilile nophapheme ngokomqondo, kepha isimo esijwayelekile phakathi kwezazi nabantu bemisebenzi yokudala ngasekupheleni kwe-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 senza izimiso zokuziphatha ezimangazayo. Isibonelo, ngoNovemba 9, 1904, uVladimir Galaktionovich ukhuluma emhlanganweni jikelele wababhali nabaholi bezemstvo ngenkulumo yokuvala evuthayo. Uyayithanda le nkulumo ngokwakhe - kwenye yezinhlamvu uyajabula ngokubizwa ngqo kokusungulwa koMthethosisekelo waseRussia (futhi izwe lilwa neJapan kulezi zinsuku). Umbhali ubebonakala ekhohliwe ukuthi ezinsukwini ezintathu ezedlule wagqashula ekubonaneni nalolu olusha (esikhundleni sikaDmitry Pleve, owabulawa ngamaphekula) uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, uPrince Svyatopolk-Mirsky, ukuze abonane. Inhloso yokuvakashelwa kukangqongqoshe kwakuyisicelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi udaba olungaphenyiwe lwalo magazini "umcebo waseRussia" - ungqongqoshe angahlekela ngokomthetho imithetho ekhona. Vele, uKorolenko wathembisa ungqongqoshe ukuthi imisebenzi nababhali abathembeke kakhulu bazoshicilelwa kumagazini. Futhi ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva naye uqobo wacela uMthethosisekelo, okungukuthi, ushintsho ohlelweni olukhona ...
18. Ngayo yonke inhlonipho efanele "Izingane Zomshoshaphansi" kanye "Nezindaba ZaseSiberia" umsebenzi wezincwadi ovelele kakhulu kaV. Korolenko, mhlawumbe, kufanelekile ukuqaphela "Incwadi Evulekele Ikhansela Lombuso uFlonov". Ikhansela lombuso, okuphendukela kulo uKorolenko, lathunyelwa ukuyocindezela udlame lwabahlwempu esifundeni sasePoltava, lapho kwakuhlala khona uKoreolenko ngaleso sikhathi. Ukunxenxa komlobi kummeleli wesinye sezikhulu zamandla amakhulu eRussia kubhalwe ngolimi okuthi, ngokuqina nobumbano, lusondeze lo mbhalo emisebenzini yezikhulumi zasendulo zamaGrikhi nezamaRoma. Ukuphindwa kwesabizwana esithi "Mina" kanye "nawe", ngokwesisekelo esingajwayelekile ezincwadini zaseRussia, kukhombisa ukujula kwekhono likaKorolenko olimini lwesiRussia. Iqiniso elikhulu, umlobi wayekholelwa ukuthi liyakwazi ukumisa ukwanda kwesihluku (ikhansela lombuso uFlonov, owaphendukela kuye uKorolenko, wangqongqoza abalimi abalungile nabanecala amahora amaningi emadolweni eqhweni, futhi ngemuva kokuqala ukwethuka edolobhaneni laseSorochintsy, amaCossacks ngokwesaba adubula isixuku). Mhlawumbe, "Incwadi eya kuFlonov" ngabe ifundwe kuze kube manje ezifundweni zezincwadi, kepha umjezisi wathunyelwa ekwahlulelweni kukaNkulunkulu ngesandla esithile, namanje esingaziwa. UFlonov waphenduka umfel 'ukholo ngaso leso sikhathi, nePhini likaHulumeni uDuma uShulgin wamemezela uKorolenko njengombusi wobukhosi "umbhali wombulali".
19. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemikhankaso yokhetho lakwaDuma kaVladimir Galaktionovich, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvusa, kusukela ekuphakameni kweminyaka yethu edlule, ukuzwelana, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusho, ukuwa kweminyaka yethu, inhlonipho. Kubukeka kungenangqondo ukufunda ukuthi uKorolenko nabasekeli bakhe banxenxa kanjani abalimi ukuba bavotele umfundi ozongenela ukhetho obengafanele i-Duma ngokusemthethweni, ukuze kukhethwe "iziqu" eziwohlokayo (ezidingeka ukuthi zifundwe njenge-agrarian - amasekela akhethwa ngokoluhlu lonke lweziqu) ngonyaka efeni likayise.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intukuthelo kaKorolenko ngokuxoshwa komfundi ofanayo yiduma yesifundazwe ngenxa yezinye izizathu ezisemthethweni ichazwa ngobuqotho kangangokuba umuntu ukhumbula ngokushesha izibalo ezaziwayo zepolitiki yaseRussia okwaphela amashumi eminyaka zingazinakile izingodo ngamehlo abo.
20. Iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yakhe uV. Korolenko wachitha ngasePoltava, lapho athenga khona indlu kudala. Kumlobi, iminyaka yezinguquko kanye neMpi Yombango ihlanganiswe yaba uchungechunge oluqhubekayo lwezinxushunxushu, izinkathazo nezinkinga. Ngenhlanhla, wayehlonishwa amaRed, abaMhlophe, amaPetliurite, nezikhulu eziningi. UKorolenko uze wazama, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuncengela abantu abasengozini, ukuzifaka enkingeni yena. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka, impilo yakhe yacekelwa phansi. Ikhambi eliyinhloko lokuphazamiseka kwemizwa nezinkinga zenhliziyo kwakuwukuthula. Kepha lapho ukuthula okuzinzile kulawula ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kwase kwephuze kakhulu. NgoDisemba 25, 1921 V. Korolenko wabulawa yi-edema yamaphaphu.
