Amakhulu amahlanu eminyaka ahlukanisa ukwakhiwa kweSistine Chapel nokubuyiselwa kwayo kokugcina, okwembulele umhlaba izici ezingaziwa zenqubo yombala kaMichelangelo. Kodwa-ke, ukulahleka okuhambisana nokutholakala kombala okungalindelekile kuyathambeka futhi kuyacaca, sengathi kubizwe ngamabomu ukusikhumbuza ngesimo esidlulayo sayo yonke into esemhlabeni, ngesidingo sesimo sokuqapha ebucikweni, esifuna ukukhipha umuntu kokujwayelekile, ukuvula iminyango kwezinye izindiza zobukhona.
Sifanele ukubonakala kwalesi sakhiwo sobuciko bobuciko bobuKristu kuFrancesco della Rovere, owaziwa ngokuthi uPapa Sixtus IV, odidayo emiphumeleni yezindaba zesonto lakhe, kodwa ngenhloso yokuvikela ubuciko nesayensi. Eqondiswa yizinhloso zenkolo lapho kwakhiwa isonto lendlu, wayengeke abikezele ukuthi emhlabeni wonke iSistine Chapel izoba uphawu lwenkathi yonke - i-Renaissance, ama-hypostases ayo amabili kokuthathu, i-Early Renaissance kanye ne-High.
Inhloso enkulu yalesi sonto kwakuwukusebenza njengendawo yokukhetha opapa emhlanganweni wokhadinali. Yangcweliswa futhi yanikezelwa Ekunyukelweni kweNtombi nto ngo-Agasti 1483 ngokwekhalenda likaJulian. Namuhla, iSistine Chapel iyiVictoria Museum engenakuqhathaniswa, equkethe imidwebo eyigugu engqikithini yezihloko eziseBhayibhelini.
Ngaphakathi kokubukwa kweSistine Chapel
Umsebenzi womdwebo wezindonga ezisenyakatho naseningizimu uphawule ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwengaphakathi lesonto. Bayiphakamisile:
- USandro Botticelli;
- UPietro Perugino;
- ULuca Signorelli;
- UCosimo Rosselli;
- UDomenico Ghirlandaio;
Babengabadwebi besikole sokupenda iFlorentine. Esikhathini esifushane ngokumangazayo - cishe izinyanga eziyi-11 - imijikelezo emibili yamafresco ayi-16 adaliwe, ama-4 awo angakaze asinde. Udonga olusenyakatho luyincazelo yempilo kaKristu, eyaseningizimu yindaba kaMose. Kusukela ezindabeni zebhayibheli ngoJesu namuhla, ifresco Ukuzalwa KukaKristu akukho, futhi kusuka emlandweni odongeni oluseningizimu, ifresco Ukuthola uMose akufinyelelanga kithi, yomibili isebenza nguPerugino. Kwakudingeka banikele ngomfanekiso weSigwebo Sokugcina, lapho uMichelangelo asebenza khona kamuva.
Uphahla, ngokwedizayini yokuqala, belubukeka luhluke ngokuphelele kunalokhu esikubonayo manje. Yayihlotshiswe ngezinkanyezi ezibenyezelayo ekujuleni kwesibhakabhaka, ezenziwe ngesandla sikaPierre Matteo d'Amelia. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1508, uPapa Julius II della Rovere wathuma uMichelangelo Buonarotti ukuba abhale kabusha uphahla. Umsebenzi waqedwa ngo-1512. Umdwebi upende Isigwebo Sokugcina e-altare leSistine Chapel ngokomyalelo kaPapa Paul III phakathi kuka-1535 no-1541.
Umqophi weFresco
Enye yemininingwane engajwayelekile yokwakhiwa kweSistine Chapel yizimo zomsebenzi kaMichelangelo. Yena, owayehlale ephikelela ukuthi ungumqophi, wayehloselwe ukudweba amafresco abantu abawathandayo amakhulu eminyaka engaphezu kwama-5. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kwakudingeka afunde ubuciko bokudweba odongeni obususebenza, ebhala kabusha uphahla luka-Amelia olugcwele izinkanyezi futhi engakwazi ngisho nokungalaleli imiyalo yopapa. Izibalo ezisendaweni yakhe yomsebenzi zihlukaniswa nesitayela sokubaza, esihluke ngokuphawulekayo kulokho okwadalwa ngaphambi kwakhe, kuzo ivolumu kanye nesikhumbuzo kukhulunywa kakhulu kangangokuba ekuboneni kokuqala imidwebo eminingi ifundwa njenge-bas-reliefs.
Lokho okungafani nalokho obekukhona phambilini kuyaliwa, ngoba ingqondo ibona okusha njengokucekelwa phansi kohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Imidwebo kaMichelangelo Buonarotti ivuse kaningi ukuhlolwa okuyimpikiswano kwabantu besikhathi sakhe kanye nenzalo yabo - bobabili babethandwa ngesikhathi sokuphila komculi futhi begwetshwe kabuhlungu ngokuba nqunu kwabangcwele beBhayibheli.
Ngokugxeka, bacishe bafela izizukulwane ezizayo, kepha basindiswa ngobuciko ngomunye wabafundi balo mculi, uDaniele da Volterra. Ngaphansi kukaPaul IV, izibalo ze-Last Judgment fresco zacwaswa ngobuciko, ngaleyo ndlela zivikela ukujeziswa komsebenzi wenkosi. I-drapery yenziwa ngendlela yokuthi ama-fresco awalimalanga nganoma iyiphi indlela lapho kunqunywa ukuthi ibuyiselwe efomini yayo yasekuqaleni. Ukurekhodwa kwaqhubeka ngemuva kwekhulu le-16, kepha ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kwasala kuphela okuqala njengobufakazi obungokomlando bezidingo zenkathi leyo.
I-fresco idlulisa umbono womcimbi womhlaba wonke oqhubeka uzungeze umuntu ophakathi kaKristu. Isandla sakhe sokudla esiphakamisiwe siphoqa izibalo ezizama ukukhuphuka, ukwehlela kuCharon naseMinos, ababheki besihogo; ngenkathi isandla sakhe sobunxele sidonsela abantu ngakwesokunene sakhe njengabakhethiweyo nabalungile ezulwini. Ijaji lizungezwe ngabangcwele, njengamaplanethi ahehwa yilanga.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu koyedwa besikhathi sikaMichelangelo babanjwa kule fresco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe sakhe uqobo sivela kabili ku-fresco - esikhunjeni esikhishiwe, esigcinwe nguSanta Bartholomew ngesandla sakhe sobunxele, futhi ngokufihla kwesibalo sowesilisa ekhoneni elingezansi kwesobunxele lesithombe, sibheka ngokuqiniseka labo abaphuma emathuneni.
Umdwebo wegumbi leSistine Chapel
Lapho uMichelangelo edweba isonto, akazange akhethe ukuphela kwesimo lapho i-fresco ngayinye enezihloko zeBhayibheli kufanele ibukwe khona. Ubungako besimo ngasinye nosayizi wamaqembu kunqunywa ngokubaluleka kwawo ngokuphelele, hhayi ngokwezigaba eziphathelene. Ngalesi sizathu, isibalo ngasinye sigcina ubuntu baso, isibalo ngasinye noma iqembu lezibalo linemvelaphi yalo.
Ukudweba i-plafond empeleni kwakuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ngoba umsebenzi wenziwa ekuskeni iminyaka engu-4, okuyisikhathi esifushane sokwenza lo msebenzi omkhulu kangaka. Ingxenye emaphakathi yale vault inemidwebo engu-9 evela emaqenjini amathathu, ngalinye lihlanganiswe yindikimba eyodwa yeTestamente Elidala:
- Ukudalwa komhlaba ("Ukwehlukaniswa kokukhanya nobumnyama", "Ukudalwa kwelanga namaplanethi", "Ukwehlukaniswa komkhathi namanzi");
- Umlando wabantu bokuqala ("Ukudalwa kuka-Adam", "Ukudalwa kuka-Eva", "Ukuwa nokuxoshwa epharadesi");
- Indaba kaNowa ("Umhlatshelo kaNowa", "Isikhukhula", "Ukudakwa KukaNowa").
Imidwebo emaphakathi nophahla izungezwe izibalo zabaprofethi, abesibyls, okhokho bakaKristu nokuningi.
Isigaba esiphansi
Noma ungakaze uvakashele iVatican, ezithombeni eziningi zeSistine Chapel ezitholakala kwi-Intanethi, ungabona kalula ukuthi isigaba esiphansi kunazo zonke simbozwe ngamakhethini futhi asidonsi amehlo. Kungamaholide kuphela, lezi zingubo ezisusiwe ziyasuswa, bese izivakashi zingabona amakhophi ezithombe zalabo abathandekayo.
Izindwangu, futhi ezivela ngekhulu le-16, zazilukiwe eBrussels. Manje, abayisikhombisa babo abasindile bayabonakala eminyuziyamu yaseVatican. Kepha imidwebo, noma amakhadibhodi, akhelwe kuwo, aseLondon, eVictoria nase-Albert Museum. Umbhali wabo umelane nokuhlolwa komsebenzi kanye nezingcweti ezingenakuqhathaniswa. Zadwetshwa nguRafael ngesicelo sikaPapa Julius II, futhi impilo yabaphostoli iyisihloko esiyinhloko sezinto zobuciko ezisindile, ezingekho ngaphansi kokubaluleka kwazo kobuhle kumdwebo wefresco kaMichelangelo noma umdwebo kathisha wakhe uPerugino.
Museum namuhla
ISistine Chapel itholakala eVictoria Museum Complex, equkethe iminyuziyamu eyi-13 etholakala ezigodlweni ezimbili zaseVatican. Izinkambo ezine eziqondisiwe zomgcinimafa ongokomoya wase-Italy ziphela ngokuvakashela iSistine Chapel, efihlwe phakathi kweSt. Akunzima kangako ukuthola ukuthi ungafika kanjani kulenyuziyamu yomhlaba, kepha uma uhambo lwangempela lungakatholakali kuwe, ke Ungathatha uhambo olubonakalayo lweVatican. Ngandlela thile, yonke imigwaqo, njengoba besho, iholela eRoma.
Sincoma ukuthi ubheke i-Krutitskoye Compound.
Yize isonto libukeka njengenqaba, ngaphandle, akubona bonke abantu abazolithola likhanga ngokukhethekile, kepha umqondo wesakhiwo ufihliwe emehlweni abavakashi banamuhla futhi udinga ukucwiliswa kumongo weBhayibheli. ISistine Chapel inesimo esiqinile esingunxande futhi ubukhulu bayo abuzange bube ngengozi - 40.93 ngamamitha ayi-13.41 ubude nobubanzi, okuyindlela yokukhiqiza ngqo ubukhulu beThempeli likaSolomoni eliboniswe eTestamenteni Elidala. Ngaphansi kophahla kunophahla oluyindilinga, ukukhanya kwemini kugeleza ngamafasitela amade ayisithupha asenyakatho naseningizimu yezindonga zesonto. Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa uBaccio Pontelli, kanti isakhiwo sasiqondiswa unjiniyela uGiovannino de 'Dolci.
ISistine Chapel isilungiswe kaningana. Ukubuyiselwa kokugcina, okwaphothulwa ngo-1994, kwaveza ithalente likaMichelangelo ngombala. Amafresco akhanya ngemibala emisha. Avele ngombala abhalwe ngawo. Kuphela ingemuva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-fresco yesigwebo sokugcina elikhanyisiwe, ngoba i-lapis lazuli okwenziwa ngayo upende oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayinakho ukuqina okukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yomdwebo wezibalo ngomsizi yahlanzwa kanye nomsizi wamanzi ekhandlela, futhi lokhu, ngeshwa, akuthintanga nje kuphela izinhlaka zezinombolo, okwadala umbono wokungaqedi, kepha ezinye izibalo nazo zalahlekelwa ukuvezwa kwazo. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi uMichelangelo wasebenza kumasu amaningi ukudala amafrescoes, ayedinga indlela ehlukile yokuhlanzwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababuyiseli kwakudingeka basebenze emaphutheni okubuyiselwa kwangaphambilini. Mhlawumbe ukungalindelekile komphumela otholakele kufanele kusikhumbuze futhi ukuthi umuntu kufanele abheke imisebenzi yabadali bangempela ngomqondo ovulekile - bese izimfihlo ezintsha zembulwa emehlweni alangazayo.
