Asikho esinye isakhiwo emhlabeni esingavusa intshisekelo enkulu phakathi kososayensi, izivakashi, abakhi kanye nosomkhathi njengoGreat Wall waseChina. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kwaveza amahemuhemu nezinganekwane eziningi, kwathatha izimpilo zabantu abangamakhulu ezinkulungwane futhi kwabiza izindleko eziningi zezezimali. Endabeni ngalesi sakhiwo esikhulu, sizozama ukudalula izimfihlo, sixazulule imigqa futhi sinikeze kafushane izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi ngayo: ngubani owakha futhi kungani, kuvikela bani amaShayina, ikuphi indawo edume kakhulu yokwakha, kubonakala esikhaleni.
Izizathu zokwakhiwa kweGreat Wall yaseChina
Ngesikhathi seZizwe Ezilwayo (kusuka ngekhulu lesi-5 kuya kwele-2 BC), imibuso emikhulu yamaShayina, ngosizo lwezimpi zokunqoba, yamunca emincane. Ngakho-ke isimo sesikhathi esizayo sobunye saqala ukwakheka. Kepha ngenkathi ihlakazekile, imibuso eyehlukene yahlaselwa ngabantu bakudala be-Xiongnu abayimizulane, abafika eChina bevela enyakatho. Umbuso ngamunye wakha uthango oluvikelayo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zemingcele yawo. Kepha umhlaba ojwayelekile wasetshenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho-ke izinqaba zokuzivikela ekugcineni zasula ubuso bomhlaba futhi azange zifinyelele ezikhathini zethu.
U-Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi (III century BC), owaba yinhloko yombuso wokuqala wobumbano waseQin, waqala ukwakhiwa kodonga lokuzivikela nokuzivikela enyakatho yesizinda sakhe, okwakhiwa ngalo izindonga ezintsha kanye nemilindo emisha, ebahlanganisa naleyo ekhona. Inhloso yezakhiwo ezakhiwe kwakungekhona nje ukuvikela abantu ekuhlaselweni, kodwa futhi nokumaka imingcele yombuso omusha.
Mingaki iminyaka nokuthi lwakhiwe kanjani udonga
Ekwakhiweni koDonga Olukhulu lwaseChina, ingxenye yesihlanu yenani labantu ezweni lalibandakanyekile, okungabantu abangaba yisigidi eminyakeni eyishumi yokwakhiwa okuyinhloko. Abalimi, amasosha, izigqila nazo zonke izigebengu ezithunyelwe lapha njengezijeziso zazisetshenziswa njengabasebenzi.
Ngokucabangela okwashiwo ngabakhi bangaphambilini, baqala ukubeka umhlaba ongaxakekile phansi kwezindonga, kepha ngamatshe okuvimba, abafafaza ngenhlabathi. Ababusi abalandela baseChina abavela emakhosini akwaHan naseMing nabo bakhulisa ukuzivikela kwabo. Njengoba izinto sezisetshenzisiwe izitini zamatshe nezitini, ziboshwe ngerayisi glue ngokufaka i-hydrated lime. Yizo kanye lezo zingxenye zodonga ezakhiwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaMing ngekhulu le-XIV-XVII ezigcinwe kahle.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde ngeWestern Wall.
Inqubo yokwakha yayihambisana nobunzima obuningi obuhlobene nokudla nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakudingeka ukondla nokuphuza abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-300. Lokhu bekungenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi esifanele, ngakho-ke, inani labantu abalimele laba ngamashumi, ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane. Kukhona inganekwane yokuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa bonke abakhi nabafile babekwa ezansi kwesakhiwo, ngoba amathambo abo ayesebenza njengesibopho esihle samatshe. Abantu baze babize lesi sakhiwo ngokuthi "amathuna amade kunawo wonke emhlabeni." Kodwa ososayensi banamuhla nabavubukuli baphikisa inguqulo yamathuna amaningi, mhlawumbe, iningi lezidumbu zabafileyo lanikezwa izihlobo.
Akunakwenzeka ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi iGreat Wall yaseChina yakhiwa iminyaka emingaki. Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwenziwa iminyaka eyi-10, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekuqedweni kokugcina, kudlule cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka.
Ubukhulu beGreat Wall yaseChina
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva zosayizi wodonga, ubude bawo buyizinkulungwane eziyi-8.85 km, kanti ubude obunamagatsha ngamakhilomitha namamitha babalwa kuzo zonke izingxenye ezisakazeke kulo lonke elaseChina. Isilinganiso sobude besakhiwo, kufaka phakathi izigaba ezingasindanga, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni kuzoba ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-21.19 namuhla.
Njengoba indawo odongeni ehamba ngayo kakhulu kuleyo ndawo enezintaba, igudla zombili izingqimba zezintaba nangaphansi kwemifula, ububanzi nokuphakama kwayo bekungagcinwa ngezinombolo ezifanayo. Ububanzi bezindonga (ukujiya) buphakathi kuka-5-9 m, kuyilapho esisekelweni kungamamitha ayi-1 ububanzi ukwedlula engxenyeni engenhla, kanti ubude obuphakathi cishe bungu-7-7.5 m, kwesinye isikhathi bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-10, udonga olungaphandle luyangezelelwa izimpi ezingunxande ezingafika phezulu ku-1.5 m ubude. Kuwo wonke ubude kunemibhoshongo yezitini noma yamatshe enezikhala eziqondiswe ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, ezinamadepho ezikhali, amapulatifomu wokubuka namagumbi onogada.
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iGreat Wall yaseChina, ngohlelo, imibhoshongo yakhiwa ngendlela efanayo futhi ngebanga elifanayo kusuka komunye nomunye - ama-200 m, alingana nebanga lendiza yomcibisholo. Kepha lapho uxhuma izingosi ezindala nezintsha, imibhoshongo yesisombululo esihlukile sokwakha kwesinye isikhathi isika iphethini ehambisanayo yezindonga nemibhoshongo. Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-10 ukusuka komunye nomunye, le mibhoshongo ihlanganiswa nemibhoshongo yesiginali (imibhoshongo emide ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwangaphakathi), lapho onogada babuka khona indawo ezungezile futhi, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, kwakufanele bakhombise umbhoshongo olandelayo ngomlilo ovuthayo.
Ngabe udonga luyabonakala emkhathini?
Lapho ufaka kuhlu amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalesi sakhiwo, wonke umuntu uvame ukusho ukuthi iGreat Wall yaseChina ukuphela kwesakhiwo esenziwe ngumuntu esingabonakala emkhathini. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi ngabe kunjalo ngempela.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi enye yezinto ezikhangayo eChina kufanele ibonakale kusuka enyangeni yabekwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Kepha akekho noyedwa usomkhathi osemkhathini ngemibiko yendiza owenze umbiko wokuthi umbone ngeso lenyama. Kukholelwa ukuthi iso lomuntu kusuka ebangeni elinjalo liyakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10, hhayi u-5-9 m.
Akunakwenzeka futhi ukuyibona isemzileni we-Earth ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi izinto ezisesithombeni esivela esikhaleni, ezithathwe ngaphandle kokukhuliswa, zenziwa ngephutha ngohlaka lodonga, kepha uma lukhuliswa kuvela ukuthi yimifula, izintaba noma iGreat Canal. Kepha ungabona udonga ngokusebenzisa izibonakude kusimo sezulu esihle uma wazi ukuthi ubheke kuphi. Izithombe ze-satellite ezikhulisiwe zikuvumela ukuthi ubone ucingo lonke ubude balo, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibhoshongo nokujika.
Ngabe kwakudingeka udonga?
AmaShayina uqobo lwawo abengacabangi ukuthi bayaludinga udonga. Ngemuva kwakho konke, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kwathatha amadoda anamandla lapho kwakhiwa khona, iningi lemali engenayo yombuso yaya ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwayo. Umlando ukhombisile ukuthi awuzange unikeze ukuvikeleka okukhethekile ezweni: abakwa-Xiongnu nomads kanye namaTatar-Mongols bawela kalula umngcele ezindaweni ezibhujisiwe noma ezindleleni ezikhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, onogada abaningi badedela amaqembu ahlaselayo ngethemba lokubaleka noma lokuthola umklomelo, ngakho-ke abayinikanga imibhoshongo engomakhelwane.
Eminyakeni yethu, kusukela eGreat Wall yaseChina benza uphawu lokuqina kwabantu baseShayina, abadalelwe ikhadi lokuvakasha lezwe. Wonke umuntu ovakashele eChina ufuna ukuya ohambweni oluya endaweni efinyelelekayo yokuheha.
Isimo sobuciko nokuheha izivakashi
Iningi locingo namuhla ludinga ukubuyiselwa okugcwele noma okuyingxenye. Umbuso udabuke kakhulu esigabeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMinqin County, lapho izivunguvungu ezinamandla zibhubhisa futhi zigcwalise ubuciko bamatshe. Abantu ngokwabo benza umonakalo omkhulu esakhiweni, baqaqa izingxenye zalo zokwakhiwa kwezindlu zabo. Ezinye iziza kwake zadilizwa ngokomyalo weziphathimandla ukuze kwenziwe indlela yokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo noma amadolobhana. Abaculi bamuva bokucekela phansi bapenda udonga ngemidwebo yabo.
Ngokubona ukuheha kweGreat Wall yaseChina kubavakashi, iziphathimandla zamadolobha amakhulu zibuyisela izingxenye zodonga olusondele kuzo futhi zibabeka nemizila yokuvakasha kubo. Ngakho-ke, eduze naseBeijing kunezigaba zeMutianyu neBadaling, esebe cishe yizinto eziyinhloko ezikhangayo esifundeni senhlokodolobha.
Isiza sokuqala sitholakala kuma-75 km ukusuka eBeijing, eduze kwedolobha laseHuizhou. Engxenyeni yaseMutianyu, kubuyiselwe ingxenye engamakhilomitha angu-2.25 enamagagasi angama-22. Isiza, esisogwini lommango, sihlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa okuseduze kakhulu kwemibhoshongo komunye nomunye. Ngaphansi kwegebe kukhona isigodi lapho ukuthuthwa komuntu siqu nokuvakasha kuyeka khona. Ungafinyelela phezulu kohamba ngezinyawo noma ngemoto yekhebula.
Isigaba saseBadalin siseduzane nenhlokodolobha; bahlukaniswe ngamakhilomitha angama-65. Ungafika kanjani lapha? Ungafika ngokubona indawo noma ngebhasi ejwayelekile, itekisi, imoto yangasese noma isitimela. Ubude besiza esifinyelelekayo nesibuyiselwe ku-3.74 km, ukuphakama cishe kungamamitha ayi-8.5. Ungabona konke okuthakazelisayo endaweni eseduze neBadaling ngenkathi uhamba ogwini lodonga noma usuka kwikhebula lemoto yekhebula. Ngendlela, igama elithi "Badalin" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "linikeza ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izinkomba." Ngesikhathi semidlalo yama-Olimpiki ka-2008, iBadaling yayiwumugqa wokugcina womjaho wamabhayisikili womgwaqo weqembu. Njalo ngonyaka ngoMeyi, kubanjwa umjaho webanga lapho abahlanganyeli badinga ukugijima ama-degree angama-3,800 futhi banqobe okwehla nokwenyuka, begijima ngogange lodonga.
IGreat Wall yaseChina yayingafakwanga ohlwini lwama "Seven Wonders of the World", kepha umphakathi wanamuhla wawufaka kuhlu lwe "New Wonders of the World". Ngo-1987, i-UNESCO yathatha udonga ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwayo njengeNdawo yamaGugu omhlaba.
