IMachu Picchu idolobha eliyimfihlakalo lesizwe sasendulo samaInca, esisePeru. Igama layo labongwa yi-American Hiram Bingham, owayithola ngesikhathi sohambo luka-1911. Ngolimi lwesizwe sendawo samaNdiya, iMachu Picchu isho ukuthi "intaba endala". Kuyaziwa nangokuthi "idolobha eliphakathi kwamafu" noma "idolobha esibhakabhakeni". Leli kona eliyindida nelibukeka kahle lisentabeni engenakufinyeleleka ephakeme cishe ngamamitha angama-2450. Namuhla, idolobha elingcwele lihamba phambili ohlwini lwezindawo ezingalibaleki eNingizimu Melika.
Igama lokuqala lesikhumbuzo sesakhiwo saseNdiya lahlala liyimfihlakalo - lanyamalala kanye nezakhamizi zalo. Iqiniso elithandekayo: abantu bendawo babekwazi ukuthi kukhona "idolobha elilahlekile lama-Inca" ngaphambi kokuvulwa kwalo ngokusemthethweni, kepha babeyigade ngokucophelela imfihlo kubantu abangabazi.
Inhloso yokwakha iMachu Picchu
IMachu Picchu nendawo yayo bekulokhu kubhekwa njengengcwele ngabantu bomdabu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunemithombo eminingana emsulwa yamanzi entwasahlobo, ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Esikhathini esedlule, idolobha lalikhona lodwa lodwa ngaphandle komhlaba, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuxhumana nalo kwakuyizindlela zamaNdiya ezazaziwa kuphela ngamathwasa.
Iwaha laseHuayna Picchu eliseduze (elihunyushwa ngokuthi “intaba encane”) lifana nobuso bomuntu waseNdiya obheke esibhakabhakeni. Inganekwane ithi lo ngumgcini wedolobha, oqandisiwe etsheni.
Namuhla, abacwaningi basakhathazeka ngenhloso yokwakha idolobha endaweni eqhelile futhi engafinyeleleki - esiqongweni sentaba esizungezwe amahlathi aminyene neziqongo eziphakeme. Udaba lusavulekile ukuthi kuxoxiswane ngalo. Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, isizathu salokhu kungaba ubuhle bemvelo yendawo, kuyilapho abanye beqiniseka ukuthi lolu daba lusemandleni amakhulu aqinile ale ndawo.
Ukucabanga okuthandwa kakhulu kumayelana nendawo yeziqongo zamadwala ezifanele ukubonwa kwezinkanyezi. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwavumela amaNdiya ukuthi asondele kancane kwiLanga - unkulunkulu ophakeme wamaInca. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo eziningi eMachu Picchu zenziwe ngokusobala ukuze kufundwe isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi.
Ngokungenzeka kube sezingeni eliphakeme, le ndawo yayisebenza njengesikhungo senkolo esiyinhloko, esenzelwe ukuvakashelwa izazi zezinkanyezi nabahlola izinkanyezi. Lapha abafundi abavela emindenini elite bangafundiswa isayensi ehlukahlukene.
Idolobha libonakala linomphathi oqinile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwabanqobi baseSpain eMbusweni we-Inca maphakathi nekhulu le-16, uMachu Picchu akazange ahlupheke nakancane: abantu bangaphandle abakaze babe nethuba lokuthola ngobukhona bawo.
Iparele lezakhiwo zasendulo
Izakhiwo zedolobha, ezicatshangwe ngokucophelela ngabadwebi baseNdiya, ziyakwazi ukuthwebula umcabango womuntu wanamuhla. Isakhiwo sasendulo, esisendaweni engamahektha angama-30,000, saziwa njengeparele langempela lasendulo.
Lapho uhambo lwaseBingham luqala ukuhlola leli dolobha, abavubukuli bathinteka ukwakheka okuhle nobuhle obungavamile bezakhiwo. Kuhlala kuyindida ukuthi amaInca akwazi kanjani ukuphakamisa futhi asuse amabhlogo amakhulu amatshe anesisindo esingamathani angama-50 noma ngaphezulu.
Umcabango wobunjiniyela wamaInca asendulo uyamangalisa. Abanye ososayensi banikela ngenguqulo mayelana nemvelaphi engaziwa yabalobi bephrojekthi yezintaba. Indawo ikhethwe ngokulindela ukuthi idolobha ngeke libonakale kusuka ngezansi. Le ndawo iqinisekise ukuphepha okuphelele kwabahlali baseMachu Picchu. Izindlu zakhiwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka, abakhi bakha izimo ezihamba phambili zokuhlala ngokunethezeka kuzo.
Zonke izakhiwo zinenhloso echazwe ngokucacile. Kunezindawo eziningi zokubuka izinkanyezi, izigodlo namathempeli, imithombo kanye namachibi edolobheni. Ubukhulu beMachu Picchu buncane: kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezingaba ngu-200, lapho, ngokusho kokulinganisela okulinganiselwe, kungabekwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-1000.
Ithempeli elisenkabeni yeMachu Picchu lisentshonalanga ukusuka enkabeni. Ngemuva kwayo kunomgodi onezitebhisi ezinde eziholela izivakashi eSun Stone (Intihuatana) - umbono ongaqondakali kunayo yonke isakhiwo sokwakha.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ama-Inca asendulo abengenawo amathuluzi afana nemishini yesimanje, umuntu angaqagela ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuhlela le ndawo enhle. Ngokokunye ukulinganisela, amaNdiya akha iMachu Picchu okungenani iminyaka engama-80.
Ithempeli elilahliwe
Ukuba khona kwedolobha kuhlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokubusa kukaPachacute, okwaziwa izazi-mlando njengomqambi omkhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi idolobha lasendulo lakhethwa nguye njengendawo yokuhlala yesikhashana ngenkathi eshisayo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi abantu babehlala eMachu Picchu kusuka ngo-1350 kuya ku-1530 AD. e. Kuhlala kuyindida ukuthi kungani ngo-1532, ngaphandle kokuqedela ukwakha kuze kube sekupheleni, bashiya le ndawo unomphela.
Abaphenyi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi izizathu ezingaba khona zokuhamba kwabo yilezi:
- ukungcoliswa kwendlu yethempeli;
- Umqedazwe;
- ukuhlaselwa izizwe ezinolaka;
- izimpi zombango;
- ukungabi namanzi okuphuza;
- ukulahleka kokubaluleka kwalo ngumuzi.
Okuvame kakhulu inguqulo emayelana nokudicilelwa phansi kwesithunzi sethempeli i-Inca - udlame olubhekiswe komunye wabapristikazi. Ama-Inca kungenzeka ukuthi ayecabanga ukuthi ngisho nezilwane zazingavunyelwe ukuhlala ezweni elingcolile.
Okudume kakhulu ukucatshangelwa kobhubhane lwengxibongo phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Kungenzeka ukuthi iningi labantu abahlala kuleli dolobha selidlulile emhlabeni ngenxa yokuqubuka kwalesi sifo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezingomakhelwane abanolaka nempi yombango kubhekwa ngabacwaningi abaningi njengokungenakwenzeka, ngoba akukho mkhondo wobudlova, ukungqubuzana okuhlomile noma ukubhujiswa okutholakele endaweni yaseMachu Picchu.
Ukushoda kwamanzi okuphuza bekungenza abahlali bathathe isinqumo sokushiya amakhaya abo.
Sincoma ukuthi ubheke idolobha lasendulo laseTauric Chersonesos.
Futhi, idolobha lalingalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo kwasekuqaleni ngemuva kokunyamalala koMbuso wamaInca ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa ngabanqobi baseSpain. Izakhamizi zazingashiya lokho ukuze zizivikele ekuhlaselweni abantu ezingabazi futhi zigweme ukufakelwa kobuKatolika obungajwayelekile kubo. Ukuthola izizathu eziyiqiniso zokunyamalala kwabantu kungazelelwe kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.
IMachu Picchu emhlabeni wanamuhla
Namuhla iMachu Picchu iphethe okungaphezulu nje kwendawo yokuvubukula yasendulo. Le ndawo isiphenduke ithempeli lama-Andes nokuziqhenya kwangempela kwezwe labo.
Izimfihlakalo eziningi zeMachu Picchu azikaxazululwa. Indawo ehlukile emlandweni wedolobha kuhlala ukuseshwa kwesikhathi eside kwegolide le-Inca elilahlekile. Njengoba wazi, ithempeli laseNdiya alizange libe yindawo yokutholwa kwakhe.
Idolobha livulekele izivakashi unyaka wonke futhi liyaqhubeka nokuba nentshisekelo enkulu kososayensi. Izinkulungwane zabaphenyi ziqala uhambo olude, zifisa ukufaka isandla ekutholeni izimfihlo zikaMachu Picchu.
Uhambo oluya kule ndawo enhle alusoze lwalibaleka futhi luzokunikeza izithombe eziningi ezingalibaleki. Izivakashi eziningi eza “edolobheni eliphakathi kwamafu” minyaka yonke zizwa umoya oyingqayizivele wale ndawo engaqondakali. Kusukela kumathala amaningi, ukubukwa okuhle kwamathafa omfula kunwebeka, nokukhuphuka intaba eseduze neHuayna Picchu, ungabona ukwakheka kwedolobha ngokuningiliziwe.
UMachu Picchu wanikezwa isicoco sesinye sezimangaliso ezintsha eziyi-7 zomhlaba, futhi wangena ohlwini lwamaSayithi Amagugu Omhlaba e-UNESCO.
