Zimbalwa izinto ezikhangayo emhlabeni ezidlulisiwe zasuswa endaweni eyodwa zayiswa kwenye, kepha u-Abu Simbel ungomunye wabo. Lesi sikhumbuzo somlando besingalahleki ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwedamu embhedeni weNayile, ngoba isakhiwo sethempeli siyingxenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage Site. Umsebenzi omkhulu wenziwa ekuqedeni nasekwakhiweni kabusha kwetshe lesikhumbuzo, kodwa namuhla izivakashi zingacabanga ngale ngcebo ngaphandle futhi zivakashele namathempeli angaphakathi.
Incazelo emfushane yethempeli lika-Abu Simbel
Uphawu lomlando oludumile yidwala lapho kuqoshwa khona amathempeli okukhonza onkulunkulu. Baba uhlobo lwezinkomba zokuzinikela kukaFaro waseGibhithe uRamses II, owanikeza umyalo wokwakha lezi zakhiwo zokwakha. Itshe lesikhumbuzo elikhulu liseNubia, eningizimu ye-Aswan, cishe emngceleni waseGibhithe naseSudan.
Ukuphakama kwentaba kungamamitha ayi-100, ithempeli elinamadwala liqoshwe egqumeni elinesihlabathi, futhi kubonakala sengathi belilokhu likhona njalo. Izikhumbuzo ziqoshwe kahle etsheni kangangokuba zibizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi iparele lezakhiwo zaseGibhithe. Imininingwane yabonkulunkulu abane abagade ukungena ethempelini ibonakala ngokusobala ngisho nasebangeni elide, ngenkathi bezizwa bakhulu futhi bakhulu.
Kungenxa yalesi sikhumbuzo samasiko ukuthi izigidi zezivakashi ziza eGibhithe minyaka yonke futhi zime emadolobheni aseduze ukuvakashela amathempeli. Isici esiyingqayizivele esihlotshaniswa nokuma kwelanga ngezinsuku ze-equinox yisizathu sokuthutheleka okukhulu kwezivakashi ezifuna ukubona into engajwayelekile ngamehlo azo.
Umlando wesikhumbuzo sika-Abu Simbel
Izazi-mlando zihlobanisa ukwakhiwa kwaso nokunqoba kukaRamses II kunamaHeti ngo-1296 BC. UFaro ubheke lo mcimbi njengobaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakhe, ngakho-ke wanquma ukukhothamela onkulunkulu, abahlonipha kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ukunakwa okuningi kwanikezwa izibalo zonkulunkulu nofaro uqobo. Amathempeli ayethandwa ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwawo amakhulu eminyaka, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi alahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwawo.
Eminyakeni yesizungu, u-Abu Simbel wagcwala kakhulu ngesihlabathi. Ngekhulu le-6 BC, ungqimba lwedwala lwase lufinyelele emadolweni ezinombolo ezisemqoka. Ukuheha bekuzocwila ekukhohlweni ukube ngo-1813 uJohann Ludwig Burckhardt akazange ahlangabezane nomfutho ongenhla wesakhiwo esinomlando. AbaseSwitzerland babelane ngemininingwane ngokutholile kwakhe noGiovanni Belzoni, okuthi, nakuba kungesikho okokuqala, wakwazi ukumba amathempeli angene ngaphakathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ithempeli lamatshe selibe ngesinye sezindawo ezikhangayo e-Egypt.
Ngo-1952, ngase-Aswan, kwahlelwa ukwakha idamu emfuleni iNile. Isakhiwo sasiseduze kakhulu nogu, ngakho-ke sasinganyamalala unomphela ngemuva kokunwetshwa kwedamu. Ngenxa yalokho, kwahlanganiswa ikhomishini ukunquma ukuthi izokwenzenjani ngamathempeli. Umbiko uphakamise ukuhambisa izikhumbuzo ezingcwele zibekwe kude.
Ukudluliswa kwesakhiwo esisodwa kwakungeke kwenzeke, ngakho-ke ekuqaleni u-Abu Simbel wahlukaniswa waba izingxenye, ngasinye sazo singeqi amathani angama-30. Ngemuva kokuhamba kwabo, yonke imininingwane ibuyiselwe ezindaweni zabo ukuze ukubonakala kokugcina kungahluki kokwangempela. Umsebenzi wenziwa esikhathini kusuka ngo-1964 kuya ku-1968.
Izici zamathempeli
I-Abu Simbel ifaka amathempeli amabili. Ithempeli elikhulu lakhuleliswa nguRamses II njengodumo lokufaneleka kwakhe nokuhlonipha u-Amon, uPtah noRa-Horakhti. Kuyo ungabona izithombe nemibhalo eqoshiwe mayelana nenkosi, izimpi zayo zokunqoba nezindinganiso zokuphila. Isibalo sikaFaro sihlala sibekwa ngokulingana nezidalwa zaphezulu, ezikhuluma ngokuxhumana kukaRamses nonkulunkulu. Izithombe zonkulunkulu nombusi waseGibhithe zifinyelela kumamitha angama-20 ubude. Emnyango wethempeli, bavezwa behleli phansi, njengokungathi bagade indawo engcwele. Ubuso bazo zonke izibalo ziyefana; URamses uqobo wayeyisibonelo sokwakhiwa kwezikhumbuzo. Lapha ungabona futhi nezithombe zikankosikazi wombusi, izingane zakhe, kanye nomama.
Ithempeli elincane lenzelwa unkosikazi wokuqala kafaro - uNefertari, nonkulunkulukazi ongumvikeli kulo uHathor. Ngaphambi komnyango wale ndawo engcwele, kunezithombe eziyisithupha, ngasinye sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama. Ezinhlangothini zombili zokungena kunezithombe ezimbili zenkosi nenye yendlovukazi. Indlela ithempeli elibukeka ngayo manje yehluke kancane ekubukeni kwasekuqaleni, ngoba enye ye-colossi ihlotshiswe ngombhalo oshiywe ngamasosha avela empini kaPsammetichus II.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngo-Abu Simbel
Izwe ngalinye liyaziqhenya ngezimpawu zalo ezihlukile, kepha eGibhithe, izici zemvelo zazivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunikela ngokukhethekile ezakhiweni. Lokhu kusebenza nasesigodlweni esikhulu esiqoshwe edwaleni.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde ngeSagrada Familia.
Ngezinsuku ze-equinox (entwasahlobo nasekwindla), imisebe iyacwilisa odongeni ukuze ikhanyise izithombe zikaFaro kanye nonkulunkulu ngendlela ethile. Ngakho-ke, imizuzu eyisithupha ilanga likhanyisa uRa-Horarti no-Amon, futhi ukukhanya kugxile kufaroo imizuzu eyi-12. Lokhu kwenza itshe lesikhumbuzo lithandwe izivakashi, futhi kungabizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi yigugu lemvelo.
Igama lokukhanga lavela ngisho nangaphambi kokuba amathempeli akhe, njengoba labelwa edwaleni elifana nesilinganiso sesinkwa samatilosi. Ngokwezwi nezwi u-Abu-Simbel usho ukuthi "ubaba wesinkwa" noma "ubaba wezindlebe". Ezindabeni ezivela kuleso sikhathi, kubhekiselwa kuso ngokuthi "inqaba yaseRamsesopolis."
Imininingwane ewusizo yezivakashi
Iningi labavakashi eGibhithe baphupha ngokubona amaphiramidi, kepha awukwazi ukuphuthelwa yithuba lokuncoma u-Abu Simbel. Ngalesi sizathu, iHurghada yidolobha elidumile lokuvakasha lapho kulula khona ukubona ingcebo yangempela yaleli zwe, kanye nokukhululeka emabhishi oLwandle Olubomvu. Futhi kuyisiza seNdlu Eyinkulungwane ne-One Nights Palace. Izithombe ezivela lapho zizokwengeza ekuqoqweni kwezithombe ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Ukuvakashelwa kwamathempeli amatshe kufakiwe ekuhambeni okuningi kohambo, kuyilapho kungcono ukufika lapho ngezokuthutha okukhethekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo eyihlane ayikulungele ukuhamba izintaba, futhi akulula ukuhlala eduze kwamathempeli aqoshiwe. Kepha izithombe ezisendaweni ezungezile ziyahlaba umxhwele, noma kunjalo, njengemizwa yokuvakashela isakhiwo sethempeli.