UNikolay Alexandrovich Berdyaev (1874-1948) - Isazi sefilosofi sezenkolo nezombusazwe saseRussia, esimele ubukhona beRussia nobuntu. Umbhali womqondo wokuqala wefilosofi yenkululeko kanye nomqondo weNkathi Ephakathi entsha. Kuphakanyiswe amahlandla ayisikhombisa kwiNobel Prize in Literature.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaNikolai Berdyaev, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaBerdyaev.
Biography Nikolai Berdyaev
UNikolai Berdyaev wazalwa ngoMashi 6 (18), 1874 endaweni ye-Obukhovo (esifundazweni saseKiev). Wakhulela emndenini ohloniphekile wesikhulu u-Alexander Mikhailovich no-Alina Sergeevna, owayeyinkosazana. Wayenomfowabo osekhulile uSergei, owaba yimbongi nomlobi wezindaba kamuva.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Abafowethu baseBerdyaev bathola imfundo yabo yamabanga aphansi ekhaya. Ngemuva kwalokho, uNikolai wangena eKiev Cadet Corps. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesezazi izilimi eziningana.
Ebangeni lesi-6, le nsizwa yanquma ukushiya izidumbu ukuze iqale amalungiselelo okungena enyuvesi. Noma kunjalo, wazibekela umgomo wokuba "uprofesa wefilosofi." Ngenxa yalokho, waphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo e-University of Kiev e-Faculty of Natural Sciences, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo wadlulela eMnyangweni Wezomthetho.
Lapho eneminyaka engama-23, uNikolai Berdyaev wabamba iqhaza emibhikishweni yabafundi, waboshelwa yona, waxoshwa eyunivesithi wathunyelwa ekudingisweni eVologda.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, isihloko sokuqala sikaBerdyaev sanyatheliswa kumagazini kaMarxist iDie Neue Zeit - “F. A. Lange nefilosofi ebucayi maqondana nobusoshiyali ”. Ngemuva kwalokho, waqhubeka nokushicilela izindatshana ezintsha ezihlobene nefilosofi, ezombusazwe, umphakathi nezinye izindawo.
Imisebenzi yomphakathi nempilo ekudingisweni
Eminyakeni elandelayo yomlando wakhe, uNikolai Berdyaev waba ngomunye wabantu ababalulekile enhlanganweni ababegxeka imibono yezazi zenguquko. Esikhathini 1903-1094. wabamba iqhaza ekwakheni inhlangano "i-Union of Liberation", eyayilwela ukwethulwa kwenkululeko yezepolitiki eRussia.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lo mcabangi wabhala isihloko esithi "The Extinguishers of the Spirit", lapho avikela khona izindela zama-Athonite. Ngalokhu wagwetshwa wayiswa ekudingisweni eSiberia, kepha ngenxa yokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918) kanye nenguquko eyalandela, isigwebo asizange senziwe.
Ngemuva kokuthi amaBolsheviks angene embusweni, uNikolai Berdyaev wasungula iFree Academy of Spiritual Culture, eyayikhona cishe iminyaka emithathu. Lapho eba neminyaka engama-46 ubudala, wanikezwa isihloko sikaprofesa we-Faculty of History and Philology yaseMoscow University.
Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet, uBerdyaev waboshwa kabili - ngo-1920 nango-1922. Ngemuva kokuboshwa kwesibili, waxwayiswa ukuthi uma engashiyi i-USSR kungekudala, uzodutshulwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uBerdyaev kwadingeka athuthele phesheya, njengabanye ongqondongqondo nabososayensi abaningi, kulokho okuthiwa "umkhumbi wefilosofi". Kwelinye izwe wahlangana nezazi zefilosofi eziningi. Lapho efika eFrance, wajoyina inhlangano yobuKristu yabafundi baseRussia.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uNikolai Aleksandrovich wasebenza amashumi eminyaka njengomhleli ekushicilelweni komcabango wenkolo waseRussia "Put", futhi waqhubeka nokushicilela imisebenzi yefilosofi neyemfundiso yenkolo, kufaka phakathi i- "The New Middle Ages", "Russian Idea" kanye ne "Experience of eschatological metaphysics. Ubuciko kanye Nenhloso ".
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kusukela ngo-1942 kuya ku-1948, uBerdyaev waqokelwa iNobel Prize in Literature amahlandla ayisikhombisa, kepha akazange awunqobe.
Ifilosofi
Imibono yefilosofi kaNikolai Berdyaev yayisuselwa ekugxekweni kweteleology kanye nokunengqondo. Ngokusho kwakhe, le mibono yayinomthelela omubi kakhulu enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye, okwakuyinjongo yokuphila.
Ubuntu nobuntu yimibono ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngaphansi kokuqala, wayesho isigaba esingokomoya nesokuziphatha, futhi ngaphansi kwesibili - okungokwemvelo, okuyingxenye yomphakathi.
Ngomongo wayo, umuntu akathonywa, futhi futhi akathobeli imvelo, isonto nombuso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkululeko emehlweni kaNikolai Berdyaev yanikezwa - ibalulekile maqondana nemvelo nomuntu, ezimele kunkulunkulu.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "Man and Machine" uBerdyaev ubheka ubuchwepheshe njengethuba lokukhulula umoya womuntu, kepha wesaba ukuthi lapho kufakwa izindinganiso, umuntu uzolahlekelwa ingokomoya nomusa.
Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuholela esiphethweni esilandelayo: "Yini abantu abancishwa lezi zimfanelo abazoyidlulisela enzalweni yabo?" Ngemuva kwakho konke, ingokomoya aligcini nje ngobudlelwano noMdali, kodwa, okokuqala nje, ubuhlobo nomhlaba.
Empeleni, kuvela indida: inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe iqhubekisela phambili isiko nobuciko, iguqule isimilo. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhonza ngokweqile nokunamathela emisha yezobuchwepheshe kunciphisa umuntu isisusa sokufeza inqubekela phambili yamasiko. Futhi lapha kuphakama inkinga maqondana nenkululeko yomoya.
Ebusheni bakhe, uNikolai Berdyaev wayenogqozi ngemibono kaKarl Marx, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wabuyekeza imibono eminingi kaMarxist. Emsebenzini wakhe "i-Russian Idea" wayefuna impendulo yombuzo walokho okushiwo yilokho okuthiwa "umphefumulo waseRussia".
Ekuboniseni kwakhe, wasebenzisa izinganekwane neziqhathaniso, esebenzisa ukufana okungokomlando. Ngenxa yalokhu, uBerdyaev waphetha ngokuthi abantu baseRussia abathambekele ekulandeleni ngokunganaki zonke izidingo zomthetho. Umqondo "weRussianess" uthi "inkululeko yothando".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi womcabangi, uLidiya Trusheva, wayeyintombazane efundile. Ngesikhathi sokujwayelana kwakhe noBerdyaev, wayeshade nomuntu ohloniphekile uViktor Rapp. Ngemuva kokunye ukuboshwa, uLydia nomyeni wakhe badingiselwa eKiev, lapho ahlangana khona okokuqala noNikolai ngo-1904.
Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo, uBerdyaev wamema intombazane ukuba ihambe naye ePetersburg, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abathandi bebelokhu behlangene ndawonye. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokusho kukadadewabo uLida, lezi zithandani zazihlala omunye nomunye njengomfowabo nodadewabo, hhayi njengabalingani.
Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi babebazisa ubudlelwano obungokomoya ukwedlula obenyama. Ezincwadini zakhe zemihla ngemihla, uTrusheva wabhala ukuthi inani lenyunyana yabo lalingekho "kwanoma yini engokwemvelo, engokomzimba, ebesiyiphatha kabi njalo."
Owesifazane wasiza uNikolai emsebenzini wakhe, elungisa imibhalo yakhe yesandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayekuthanda ukubhala izinkondlo, kodwa akazange afune ukuzishicilela.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, isazi sefilosofi sathola ubuzwe baseSoviet. UNikolai Berdyaev washona ngoMashi 24, 1948 eneminyaka engama-74. Ushonile ngesifo senhliziyo ekhaya lakhe eParis.
Izithombe zeBerdyaev
