UBenedict Spinoza (igama langempela UBaruch Spinoza; 1632-1677) - Isazi sefilosofi esingumDashi nesazi semvelo esingumJuda, ongomunye wabafilosofi abaqhakaze kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaSpinoza, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaBenedict Spinoza.
Umlando kaSpinoza
UBenedict Spinoza wazalwa ngoNovemba 24, 1632 e-Amsterdam. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ongahlangene nomsebenzi wesayensi.
Uyise, uGabriel Alvarez, wayengumthengisi wezithelo ophumelelayo, futhi umama wakhe, uHannah Deborah de Spinoza, wayebandakanyeka ekugcineni indlu nokukhulisa izingane ezinhlanu.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaSpinoza yenzeke eneminyaka engu-6, lapho umama wakhe edlula emhlabeni. Owesifazane ubulawe yisifo sofuba esiqhubekayo.
Ngiseyingane, umfana waya esikoleni sezenkolo, lapho afunda khona isiHeberu, imfundiso yenkolo yamaJuda, izingoma zokufundisa nezinye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wazi kahle isiLatin, iSpanishi nesiPutukezi, futhi wakhuluma nesiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uBenedict Spinoza wayekuthanda ukucwaninga ngemisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi zasendulo, zama-Arabhu nezamaJuda. Ngemuva kokushona kukayise ngo-1654, yena nomfowabo uGabriel baqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi lomndeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, wamukela imibono yamaProthestani endawo, futhi ngokuyisisekelo ulahla izimfundiso zobuJuda.
Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uSpinoza asolwe ngokuhlubuka futhi axoshwe emphakathini wamaJuda. Emva kwalokho, umfana wanquma ukuthengisa ingxenye yakhe yebhizinisi lomndeni kumfowabo. Elwela ukuthola ulwazi, waba ngumfundi ekolishi elizimele lamaJesuit.
Lapha uBenedict waba nentshisekelo enkulu ngokujulile ngefilosofi yamaGrikhi neyangenkathi ephakathi, wathuthukisa ulwazi lwakhe lwesiLatini, futhi wafunda nokudweba nokupholisha izingilazi ezibonakalayo. Wayekhuluma kahle isiHeberu kangangoba kwamvumela ukuthi afundise abafundi isiHebheru.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifilosofi kaRene Descartes inethonya elithile ekubukeni komhlaba kukaSpinoza. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1650s wasungula indingilizi yabacabangi, eyashintsha kakhulu i-biography yakhe.
Ngokusho kweziphathimandla, le ndoda yaqala yaba usongo ekuzinikeleni nasekuziphatheni okuhle. Ngenxa yalokho, waxoshwa e-Amsterdam ngenxa yokuxhumana kwakhe namaProthestani nemibono yokukholelwa izinto ezithile.
Ifilosofi
Ukuze azivikele ngangokunokwenzeka emphakathini futhi azibandakanye ngokukhululeka kwifilosofi, uBenedict Spinoza wazinza eningizimu yezwe. Lapha wabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "A Treatise on the Improvement of the Mind."
Kamuva, umcabangi waba ngumbhali womsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko - "Ethics", owaveza umqondo oyisisekelo wemibono yakhe yefilosofi. USpinoza wakha i-metaphysics ngokufanisa nomqondo, okwaholela kokulandelayo:
- ukwabiwa kwama-alfabhethi (ukuthola imiqondo eyisisekelo);
- ukwakheka kwama-axioms anengqondo;
- ukutholwa kwanoma yimaphi ama-theorems ngokusebenzisa izifingqo ezinengqondo.
Ukulandelana okunjalo kusize ukufika eziphethweni ezifanele, maqondana neqiniso lama-axioms. Emibhalweni eyalandela, uBenedict waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa imibono yakhe, eyinhloko yayo okwakungumqondo wolwazi lomuntu ngemvelo yakhe. Lokhu futhi kudinga ukuphendukela kumqondo kanye ne-metaphysics.
Nge-metaphysics uSpinoza wayesho into engapheli eyazibangela yona. Ngokulandelayo, into isho lokho "okukhona ngokwako futhi okumelwe kona uqobo." Ngaphezu kwalokho, into eyikho kokubili "imvelo" kanye "nonkulunkulu", okusho ukuthi kufanele iqondwe njengakho konke okukhona.
Ngokombono kaBenedict Spinoza, "uNkulunkulu" akayena umuntu. Into ayinakulinganiswa, ayihlukaniseki futhi ihlala njalo, futhi isebenza njengendalo ngomqondo ojwayelekile waleli gama. Noma yini (isilwane, ukhuni, amanzi, itshe) kuyinhlayiyana nje yento ethile.
Njengomphumela, i- "Ethics" kaSpinoza yaveza imfundiso yokuthi uNkulunkulu nemvelo kukhona ngokwehlukile komunye nomunye. Into iqukethe inani elingapheli lezimpawu (zalokho okuyikho okuyikho), kepha yi-2 kuphela yazo eyaziwa kumuntu - ukunwetshwa nokucabanga.
Isazi sefilosofi sabona umbono omuhle wesayensi ngezibalo (i-geometry). Injabulo ilele olwazini nasekuthuleni okuza ngokucabanga kukaNkulunkulu. Umuntu onomzimba onikezwe ukuthinteka uyakwazi ukufeza ukuvumelana futhi ajabule, aholwe yisizathu, ukuqonda, imithetho, izifiso kanye nokuqonda.
Ngo-1670 uSpinoza washicilela incwadi ethi Theological-Political Treatise, lapho avikela khona inkululeko yocwaningo lweBhayibheli namasiko. Ngokuhlanganisa imiqondo evela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yolwazi, wagxekwa abantu besikhathi sakhe nabalandeli bakhe.
Abanye ababhali bama-biographer nozakwabo bakaBenedict balandelela imibono yakhe yokuzwelana noKabbalah nokulumba. Noma kunjalo, imicabango yomDashi yayithandwa kakhulu eYurophu, kubandakanya neRussia. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngamunye wemisebenzi yakhe emisha washicilelwa eRussia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwolwazi olusindile, uSpinoza wayengenandaba kangako nempilo yakhe yangasese. Kukholakala ukuthi akazange ashade noma abe nezingane. Wayephila impilo yokuzincisha, ehola ngokugaya ama-lens futhi ethola ukwesekwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo kubangane nabantu abacabanga njengaye.
Ukufa
UBenedict Spinoza ushone ngoFebhuwari 21, 1677 eneminyaka engama-44. Imbangela yokushona kwakhe yisifo sofuba, esimhlasele eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Lesi sifo siqhubekele phambili ngenxa yokuphefumula uthuli ngesikhathi kugaywa izingilazi ezibonakalayo nokubhema ugwayi, okwakubhekwa njengekhambi phambilini.
Isazi sefilosofi sangcwatshwa ethuneni elivamile, futhi kwacekelwa phansi yonke impahla yakhe nezincwadi. Imisebenzi eyasinda ngokuyisimangaliso yashicilelwa ngaphandle kwegama lomlobi.
