UKarl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) - Isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, isazi sezenhlalo, isazi sezomnotho, umbhali, imbongi, intatheli yezepolitiki, isazi sezilimi kanye nomphakathi. Umngani nozakwabo kaFriedrich Engels, abhale naye "iManifesto yeQembu lamaKhomanisi".
Umbhali we umsebenzi zakudala zesayensi emnothweni wezepolitiki "Capital. Ukugxekwa Komnotho Wezepolitiki ". Umdali weMarxism kanye nomqondo wenani eliyinsalela.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaKarl Marx, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaMarx.
Umlando kaKarl Marx
UKarl Marx wazalwa ngoMeyi 5, 1818 edolobheni laseJalimane iTrier. Wakhulela emndenini ocebile wamaJuda. Uyise, uHeinrich Marks, wayesebenza njengommeli, kanti umama wakhe, uHenrietta Pressburg, wayebambe iqhaza ekukhuliseni izingane. Umndeni wakwaMarx wawunezingane eziyi-9, ezine zazo ezingazange ziphile kuze kube semdala.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKarl, uMarx umdala waphendukela ebuKristwini ukuze aqhubeke esesikhundleni sokuba ngumeluleki wezokwahlulela, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva umkakhe walandela isibonelo sakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abashadikazi babengabemindeni emikhulu yorabi ababenombono ophambene ngokuguqulela kunoma iyiphi enye inkolo.
UHeinrich uphathe uKarl ngokufudumele, enakekela ukukhula kwakhe ngokomoya futhi emlungiselela umsebenzi wokuba usosayensi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ngukuthi umsabalalisi ozayo wokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu wabhapathizwa eneminyaka eyi-6, kanye nabafowabo nodadewabo.
Umbono womhlaba kaMarx wathonywa kakhulu ngubaba wakhe, owayengumlandeli weNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa nefilosofi ka-Emmanuel Kant. Abazali bakhe bamthumela e-gymnasium yendawo, lapho athola khona amamaki aphezulu kwizibalo, isiJalimane, isiGreki, isiLatini nesiFulentshi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uKarl waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eNyuvesi yaseBonn, lapho asheshe wathuthela khona eNyuvesi yaseBerlin. Lapha wafundela ezomthetho, umlando nefilosofi. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uMarx wakhombisa intshisekelo enkulu ezimfundisweni zikaHegel, lapho akhangwa khona yizinto zokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nezinguquko.
Ngo-1839 lo mfana wabhala incwadi ethi "Notebooks ngomlando we-Epicurean, Stoic and Skeptical Philosophy." Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, waphothula eyunivesithi yangaphandle, wavikela iziqu zakhe zobudokotela - "Umehluko phakathi kwefilosofi yemvelo kaDemocritus nefilosofi yemvelo ka-Epicurus."
Umsebenzi wezenhlalo nezombusazwe
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, uKarl Marx wahlela ukuthola ubuprofesa e-University of Bonn, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile wawushiya lo mbono. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1940, wasebenza kafushane njengentatheli nomhleli wephephandaba eliphikisayo.
UKarl wagxeka izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni okhona manje, waphinde waba ngumphikisi onamandla wokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni leli phephandaba livaliwe, ngemuva kwalokho waba nesifiso sokufunda ngomnotho wezepolitiki.
Ngokushesha uMarx washicilela incwadi yefilosofi ethi On the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law. Ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayesethole ukuthandwa okukhulu emphakathini, ngenxa yalokho uhulumeni wanquma ukumfumbathisa, emnika isikhundla ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.
Ngenxa yokwenqaba ukusebenzisana neziphathimandla, uMark waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe nomndeni wakhe baye eParis besatshiswa ngokuboshwa. Lapha wahlangana nozakwabo wakusasa uFriedrich Engels noHeinrich Heine.
Kwaphela iminyaka engu-2, le ndoda yathutha emibuthanweni enamandla, izazi ngemibono yabasunguli be-anarchism, uPera-Joseph Proudhon noMikhail Bakunin. Ekuqaleni kuka-1845, wanquma ukuthuthela eBelgium, lapho, kanye no-Engels, wajoyina inhlangano yamazwe angaphansi komhlaba "i-Union of the Just".
Abaholi benhlangano babayala ukuthi basungule uhlelo lohlelo lwamaKhomanisi. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo yokuhlanganyela, u-Engels noMarx baba ngababhali beCommunist Manifesto (1848). Ngasikhathi sinye, uhulumeni waseBelgium wamxosha uMarx ezweni, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wabuyela eFrance, wabe eseya eJalimane.
Esezinze eCologne, uKarl, kanye noFriedrich, baqala ukushicilela iphephandaba lezinguquko elithi "Neue Rheinische Zeitung", kodwa ngemuva konyaka iphrojekthi kwadingeka ukuthi imiswe ngenxa yokwehlulwa kokuvukela kwabasebenzi ezifundeni ezintathu zaseJalimane. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukucindezelwa.
Isikhathi saseLondon
Ngama-50s okuqala, uKarl Marx wathutha nomndeni wakhe baya eLondon. KwakuseBrithani ngo-1867 lapho kwanyatheliswa khona incwadi yakhe eyinhloko, iCapital. Uchitha isikhathi esiningi ekufundeni isayensi ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ifilosofi yezenhlalo, izibalo, umthetho, umnotho wezepolitiki, njll.
Ngalesi biography, uMarx wayesebenza kumcabango wakhe wezomnotho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wayebhekene nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali, engakwazi ukunikeza umkakhe nezingane konke abakudingayo.
Ngokushesha Friedrich Engels waqala ukumhlinzeka ngosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. ELondon, uKarl wayekhuthele empilweni yomphakathi. Ngo-1864 waqala ukuvulwa kwe-International Workers 'Association (First International).
Le nhlangano iphenduke inhlangano yokuqala enkulu yamazwe omhlaba yabasebenzi. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi amagatsha alobu budlelwano aqala ukuvula emazweni amaningi ase-Europe nase-United States.
Ngenxa yokwehlulwa kweParis Commune (1872), iKarl Marx Society yathuthela eMelika, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 yavalwa. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1889 kwamenyezelwa ukuvulwa kwe-Second International, okwakungumlandeli wemibono yoKuqala.
IMarxism
Imibono yemicabango yomcabangi waseJalimane yakhiwa ebusheni bakhe. Imibono yakhe ibisuselwa ezimfundisweni zikaLudwig Feuerbach, aqale wavumelana naye ngezinto eziningi, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi washintsha umqondo.
IMarxism isho imfundiso yefilosofi, yezomnotho nezepolitiki, abasunguli bayo okunguMarx no-Engels. Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi izinhlinzeko ezi-3 ezilandelayo zibaluleke kakhulu kulesi sifundo:
- imfundiso yenani eliyinsalela;
- ukuqonda izinto ezibonakalayo ngomlando;
- imfundiso yobushiqela besigaba sabasebenzi.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, iphuzu eliyinhloko lombono kaMarx ngumqondo wakhe wokuthuthuka kokuhlukaniswa komuntu nemikhiqizo yomsebenzi wakhe, ukwenqatshwa komuntu kwisimo sakhe kanye nokuguqulwa kwakhe emphakathini wobungxiwankulu waba yingxenye yezindlela zokukhiqiza.
Umlando wezinto ezibonakalayo
Ngokokuqala ngqa igama elithi "umlando wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo" lavela encwadini ethi "Umbono WaseJalimane". Eminyakeni eyalandela, uMarx no-Engels baqhubeka nokuyithuthukisa ku- "Manifesto of the Communist Party" kanye naku "Critique of Political Economy."
Ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge olunengqondo, uKarl wafinyelela esiphethweni sakhe esidumile: "Kube sekunquma ukwazi." Ngokwalesi sitatimende, isisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi amandla okukhiqiza, asekela zonke ezinye izinhlangano zenhlalo: ezombusazwe, umthetho, isiko, inkolo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umphakathi ugcine ukulingana phakathi kwezinsizakusebenza zokukhiqiza kanye nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza ukuze uvikele inguquko kwezenhlalo. Emcabangweni womlando wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, umcabangi wenza umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zokubamba izigqila, ubu-feudal, onxiwankulu kanye nobukhomanisi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uKarl Marx wahlukanisa ubukhomanisi baba izigaba ezi-2, okuyisisekelo esiphansi kunazo zonke ubusoshiyali, kanti esiphakeme kunazo zonke ubukhomanisi, obungenazo zonke izikhungo zezezimali.
Ubukhomanisi besayensi
Isazi sefilosofi sabona ukuqhubeka komlando wesintu emzabalazweni wesigaba. Ngokubona kwakhe, lena ukuphela kwendlela yokufeza ukuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo komphakathi.
UMarx no-Engels baphikisa ngokuthi isigaba sabasebenzi esiphakeme yisigaba esikwazi ukuqeda ubungxiwankulu kanye nokusungula uhlelo olusha lokungahlukaniswa ngezigaba lwamazwe omhlaba. Kepha ukufeza le nhloso, ukuguqulwa komhlaba (unomphela) kuyadingeka.
"Inhlokodolobha" nobusoshiyali
Ku "Capital" odumile umbhali uchaze ngokuningiliziwe umqondo womnotho wobungxiwankulu. UKarl unake kakhulu izinkinga zokukhiqiza imali kanye nomthetho wenani.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi uMarx uthembele emibonweni ka-Adam Smith noDavid Ricardo. Bekungabo labo somnotho baseBrithani abakwazile ukucacisa isimo senani labasebenzi. Emsebenzini wakhe, umbhali uxoxe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubamba iqhaza kwezimali kanye nabasebenzi.
Ngokomqondo waseJalimane, ubungxiwankulu, ngokungaguquguquki okuqhubekayo kwemali eguquguqukayo nengaguquguquki, kuqalisa izingqinamba zezomnotho, okuholela kamuva ekucekelweni phansi kohlelo nasekunyamalaleni kancane kancane kwempahla yangasese, ethathelwa indawo yimpahla yomphakathi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaKarl wayengumbusi ohlonishwayo ogama lakhe linguJenny von Westfalen. Iminyaka engu-6, abathandi babethenjiswa ngasese, njengoba abazali bentombazane babephikisana nobuhlobo babo. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1843, lo mbhangqwana washada ngokusemthethweni.
UJenny waba yinkosikazi enothando nomngane womyeni wakhe, owazala izingane eziyisikhombisa, ezine zazo ezafa zisencane. Abanye ababhali bezindaba zikaMarx bathi wayenengane engekho emthethweni nomninikhaya u-Helena Demuth. Ngemuva kokushona kwalo mcabangi, u-Engels uthathe umfana ngebheyili.
Ukufa
UMarx wahlukumezeka kakhulu ngokushona komkakhe, owadlula ngasekupheleni kuka-1881. Ngokushesha kwatholakala ukuthi une-pleurisy, eyaqhubeka ngokushesha futhi ekugcineni yaholela ekufeni kwesazi sefilosofi.
UKarl Marx ushone ngoMashi 14, 1883 eneminyaka engama-64. Cishe abantu abayishumi nambili beza bezomvalelisa.
Isithombe nguKarl Marx
