UJohann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - Umqambi waseJalimane, u-organist, umqhubi kanye nothisha womculo.
Umbhali wezingcezu zomculo ezingaphezu kwezingu-1000 ezibhalwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhathi sakhe. UmProthestani oqinile, wakhe izingoma eziningi ezingokomoya.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaJohann Bach, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaJohann Sebastian Bach.
IBach biography
UJohann Sebastian Bach wazalwa ngoMashi 21 (31), 1685 edolobheni laseJalimane i-Eisenach. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womculi uJohann Ambrosius Bach nomkakhe u-Elisabeth Lemmerhirt. Wayenguthunjana ezinganeni ze-8 zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ubukhosi bakwaBach baziwa ngomculo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, ngenxa yalokho okhokho abaningi nezihlobo zikaJohann babengabaculi abangochwepheshe.
Ubaba kaBach wenza amakhonsathi ahlelayo aphilayo futhi wenza izingoma zesonto.
Akumangazi ukuthi nguyena owaba nguthisha wokuqala womculo wendodana yakhe. Kusukela esemncane, uJohann wayecula ekhwayeni futhi wakhombisa ukuba nentshisekelo enkulu kubuciko bomculo.
Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography yomqambi wesikhathi esizayo yenzeke eneminyaka engu-9, lapho umama wakhe eshona. Ngemuva konyaka, nobaba wakhe wadlula emhlabeni, yingakho umfowabo omdala uJohann Christoph, owayesebenza njengomdlali wezinsimbi, wakhulisa uJohann.
Kamuva uJohann Sebastian Bach wangena ejimini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umfowabo wamfundisa ukudlala i-clavier ne-organ. Lapho le nsizwa isineminyaka engu-15 ubudala, yaqhubeka nemfundo yayo esikoleni sokufundela, lapho yafunda khona iminyaka emithathu.
Ngalesi sikhathi sempilo yakhe, uBach wahlola umsebenzi wabaqambi abaningi, okwaholela ekutheni yena kuqala azame ukubhala umculo. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yabhalelwa i-organ ne-clavier.
Umculo
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1703, uJohann Sebastian wathola umsebenzi wokuba ngumculi wasenkantolo noDuke Johann Ernst.
Ngenxa yokudlala kwakhe kahle i-violin, wathola udumo oluthile edolobheni. Ngokushesha wadinwa ukujabulisa izicukuthwane nezikhulu ezahlukahlukene ngomdlalo wakhe.
Efuna ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ikhono lakhe lokudala, uBach wavuma ukuthatha isikhundla sobungoma kwelinye lamasonto. Ukudlala izinsuku ezi-3 kuphela ngeviki, wathola umholo omuhle kakhulu, owamvumela ukuthi aqambe umculo futhi aphile impilo enganaki.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uSebastian Bach wabhala izingoma eziningi zomculo. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwane obunzima neziphathimandla zendawo bamphoqa ukuba ashiye idolobha ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu. Ngokuyinhloko, abefundisi bamgxeka ngokusebenza kwakhe okusha kwemisebenzi engcwele yendabuko, kanye nokushiya okungagunyaziwe edolobheni ngezindaba zomuntu siqu.
Ngo-1706 uJohann Bach wamenywa ukuba azosebenza njengomdlali wozungu eSontweni iSt Blaise eliseMühluhausen. Baqala ukumholela iholo eliphakeme kakhulu, futhi nezinga lamakhono abaculi bendawo laliphezulu kakhulu kunasethempelini langaphambilini.
Zombili iziphathimandla zedolobha nezesonto zazithokoze kakhulu ngoBach. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavumelana ngokubuyisa uhlaka lwesonto, babela isizumbulu semali ngale njongo, baphinde bamkhokhela nemali enkulu yokubhala i-cantata ethi "INkosi iyinkosi yami."
Futhi, cishe unyaka kamuva, uJohann Sebastian Bach washiya iMühluhausen, wabuyela emuva eWeimar. Ngo-1708 wathatha izintambo njengomuntu ohola izinkantolo, ethola umholo ophakeme kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, ithalente lakhe lokuqamba lafika entathakusa.
UBach wabhala inqwaba yemisebenzi ye-clavier neye-orchestral, wafunda ngentshiseko imisebenzi kaVivaldi noCorelli, futhi wafunda nesigqi esinamandla nezinhlelo ze-harmonic.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uDuke Johann Ernst wamlethela phesheya amaphuzu amaningi ngabaqambi base-Italiya, abavula ama-horizons amasha kwezobuciko beSebastian.
UBach wayenazo zonke izimo zomsebenzi othelayo, ecabanga ukuthi wayenethuba lokusebenzisa i-orchestra kaDuke. Ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza kwi-Book of Organ, iqoqo lama-prelude choral. Ngaleso sikhathi, le ndoda yayisivele inedumela lokuba ngumdlali we-virtuoso kanye ne-harpsichordist.
Ku-biography yokudala kaBach, kwaziwa icala elithandeka kakhulu elenzeka kuye ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1717 umculi odumile waseFrance uLouis Marchand weza eDresden. Umphathi wekhonsathi wendawo wanquma ukuhlela ukuncintisana phakathi kwalezi zingcweti zombili, okuvunyelwene ngazo zombili.
Kodwa-ke, i- "duel" ebikade ilindelwe ayikaze yenzeke. UMarchand, owezwe umdlalo kaJohann Bach ngayizolo futhi esaba ukwehluleka, washesha washiya iDresden. Ngenxa yalokho, uSebastian waphoqeleka ukuthi adlale yedwa phambi kwezithameli, ekhombisa ukusebenza kwakhe kwe-virtuoso.
Ngo-1717, uBach waphinde wanquma ukushintsha indawo asebenza kuyo, kepha umbusi wayengafuni ukudedela umqambi wakhe amthandayo waze wambopha isikhathi esithile ngenxa yezicelo eziqhubekayo zokusula. Kodwa-ke, bekufanele aqonde ukuhamba kukaJohann Sebastian.
Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo, uBach wathatha isikhundla sikaKapellmeister neNkosana ka-Anhalt-Ketensky, owayeqonda okuningi ngomculo. Isikhulu sasiwuthanda umsebenzi waso, ngenxa yalokho samkhokhela kakhulu futhi samvumela ukuba enze ngcono.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uJohann Bach waba ngumbhali weBrandenburg Concertos edumile kanye nomjikelezo we-Well-Tempered Clavier. Ngo-1723 wathola umsebenzi wokuba ngumculi weSt. Thomas Choir esontweni laseLeipzig.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izethameli zezwa umsebenzi kaBach omuhle "iSt John Passion". Ngokushesha waba "ngumqondisi womculo" kuwo wonke amasonto akuleli dolobha. Phakathi neminyaka yakhe engu-6 eLeipzig, le ndoda yashicilela imijikelezo emihlanu yaminyaka yonke yama-cantata, ama-2 awo asasindile kuze kube namuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJohann Sebastian Bach waqamba imisebenzi yezwe. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1729 waphathiswa ukuphatha i-Collegium of Music - iqembu lomculo wezwe.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uBach wabhala i- "Coffee Cantata" ne "Mass in B minor" edumile, ethathwa njengomsebenzi wamakhwaya ongcono kunabo bonke emlandweni womhlaba. Ngokusebenza ngokomoya, waqamba i- "High Mass in B minor" kanye ne- "St. Matthew Passion", enikezwa lesi sihloko sokuba ngumqambi wenkantolo waseRoyal Polish nowaseSaxon.
Ngo-1747 uBach wathola isimemo esivela enkosini yasePrussia uFrederick II. Umbusi ucele umqambi womculo ukuthi enze i-improvisation ngokususelwa kumdwebo womculo awuphakamisile.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umestro waqamba khona manjalo umsindo wezwi elingu-3, awengeza kamuva ngokuhlukahluka kwale ndaba. Ubize lo mjikelezo ngokuthi "Ukunikelwa Komculo", ngemuva kwalokho wabe esewethula njengesipho enkosini.
Eminyakeni edlule yomlando wakhe wobuciko, uJohann Sebastian Bach ubhale imisebenzi engaphezu kwenkulungwane, eminingi yayo manje esenziwa ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekwindla ngo-1707, umculi washada nomzala wakhe wesibili uMaria Barbara. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisikhombisa, ezintathu zazo zashona zisencane.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amadodana amabili kaBach, uWilhelm Friedemann noKarl Philip Emanuel, kamuva baba abaqambi abangochwepheshe.
NgoJulayi 1720, uMaria washona ngokuzumayo. Cishe ngemuva konyaka, uBach waphinde washada nomdlali wasenkantolo u-Anna Magdalena Wilke, owayemncane ngeminyaka engu-16. Lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziwu-13, okuyizi-6 kuphela ezasinda.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uJohann Bach akabonanga lutho, ngakho-ke waqhubeka nokuqamba umculo, wawutshela umkhwenyana wakhe. Ngokushesha wahlinzwa kabili phambi kwamehlo akhe, okwaholela ekuphuphuthekeni okuphelele kobuhlakani.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, le ndoda yabona amahora amaningi, kepha kusihlwa yashaywa yisibhaxu. UJohann Sebastian Bach ushone ngoJulayi 28, 1750 eneminyaka engama-65. Isizathu sokufa kungaba yizinkinga ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.
Izithombe zeBach
