URabindranath Tagore

URabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) - Umbhali waseNdiya, imbongi, umqambi wezingoma, umculi, isazi sefilosofi nomuntu womphakathi. Owokuqala ongeyena owaseYurophu ukuthola uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi (1913).

Izinkondlo zakhe zazibhekwa njengezincwadi zokomoya futhi, kanye nomoya wakhe okhangayo, wakhe isithombe somprofethi waseTagore eNtshonalanga. Namuhla izinkondlo zakhe zingamaculo aseNdiya ("Umphefumulo wabantu") kanye neBangladesh ("I-Bengal yami yegolide").

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaRabindranath Tagore, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaTagore.

I-Biography kaRabindranath Tagore

URabindranath Tagore wazalwa ngoMeyi 7, 1861 eCalcutta (eBrithani India). Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ocebile wabanini bomhlaba, ejabulela ukwaziwa okukhulu. Imbongi bekunguyena omncane ezinganeni zikaDebendranath Tagore nomkakhe uSarada Devi.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Lapho uRabindranath eneminyaka emihlanu, abazali bakhe bamthumela e-Eastern Seminary, futhi kamuva wadluliselwa esikoleni okuthiwa yiNormal School, esasinezinga eliphansi lemfundo.

Intshisekelo kaTagore yezinkondlo yavuswa ebuntwaneni. Eminyakeni engu-8, wayesevele eqamba izinkondlo, futhi efunda nomsebenzi wabalobi abahlukahlukene. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abafowabo nabo babengabantu abanesiphiwo.

Umfowabo omdala wayeyisazi sezibalo, imbongi nomculi, futhi abafowabo abaphakathi baba abacabangi nabalobi abadumile. Ngale ndlela, umshana kaRabindranath Tagore, u-Obonindranath, wayengomunye wabasunguli besikole somdwebo wanamuhla waseBangali.

Ngaphezu kokuzilibazisa kwakhe ngezinkondlo, ozuza umklomelo kaNobel wesikhathi esizayo wafunda umlando, i-anatomy, i-geography, ukudweba, kanye neSanskrit nesiNgisi. Ebusheni bakhe, wahamba izinyanga ezimbalwa noyise. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, waqhubeka nokuzifundisa.

UTagore Sr. uzibiza ngeBrahmanism, evame ukuvakashela izindawo ezahlukahlukene ezingcwele eNdiya. Lapho uRabindranath eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, umama wakhe wadlula emhlabeni.

Izinkondlo nephrozi

Ebuyela ekhaya evela ohambweni, uRabindranath waba nentshisekelo enkulu yokubhala. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, wabhala izindaba ezimfushane eziningana namadrama, eshicilela izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala ngaphansi kwegama elingu-Bhanu simha.

Inhloko yomndeni yagcizelela ukuthi indodana yakhe ibe ngummeli, ngenxa yalokho ngo-1878 uRabindranath Tagore wangena e-University College London, lapho afunda khona umthetho. Ngokushesha waqala ukungayithandi imfundo yendabuko.

Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lo mfo ushiye kwesokudla, emthanda ukuba afunde ama-classical literary. EBrithani, wafunda imisebenzi kaWilliam Shakespeare, futhi wakhombisa nentshisekelo kubuciko babantu baseBrithani.

Ngo-1880 uTagore wabuyela eBangal, lapho aqala khona ukushicilela imisebenzi yakhe. Ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe akuzange kuphume izinkondlo kuphela, kodwa nezindaba, amanoveli, imidlalo yeshashalazi namanoveli. Emibhalweni yakhe, kwalandelwa ithonya "lomoya waseYurophu", okwakuyinto entsha ngokuphelele ezincwadini zeBrahmin.

Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uRabindranath Tagore waba ngumbhali wamaqoqo ama-2 - "Izingoma zakusihlwa" kanye "nezingoma zasekuseni", kanye nencwadi ethi "Chabi-O-Gan". Njalo ngonyaka imisebenzi yakhe eminingi yashicilelwa, ngenxa yalokho kwashicilelwa umsebenzi wamavolumu ama-3 "iGalpaguccha", owawunemisebenzi engama-84.

Emibhalweni yakhe, umlobi wayevame ukuthinta isihloko sobuphofu, asikhanyise ngokujulile emincanyana ethi "Amatshe Alambile" nethi "The Runaway", eyashicilelwa ngo-1895.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uRabindranath wayesevele eseshicilele iqoqo lakhe elidumile lezinkondlo, The Image of the Beloved. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuzoshicilelwa amaqoqo ezinkondlo nezingoma - "Isikebhe Esigolide" kanye "Nomzuzu". Kusukela ngo-1908 wasebenza ekwakheni i- "Gitanjali" ("Sacrhetic Chants").

Lo msebenzi ubuqukethe amavesi angaphezu kuka-150 ngobudlelwano phakathi komuntu noMdali. Ngenxa yokuthi izinkondlo zazibhalwe ngolimi oluqondakalayo nolulula, olayini abaningi abavela kuzo bahlukaniswa baba izingcaphuno.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi "iGitanjali" yazuza ukuthandwa kangangoba baqala ukuhunyushwa futhi bashicilelwa eYurophu naseMelika. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-biographies uRabindranath Tagore ahambela amazwe amaningi ase-Europe, kanye ne-USA, Russia, China ne Japan. Ngo-1913 watshelwa ukuthi wawina iNobel Prize in Literature.

Ngakho-ke, uRabindranath waba ngowokuqala wase-Asia ukuthola lo mklomelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, loyo owathola umklomelo wanikela ngemali yakhe esikoleni sakhe eSantiniketan, okwakuzothi kamuva kube yunivesithi yokuqala enemfundo yamahhala.

Ngo-1915 u-Tagore wathola isihloko se-knight, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 wasishiya - ngemuva kokubulawa kwabantu base-Amritsar. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukufundisa abantu bakubo abampofu.

Ngama-30s, uRabindranath wazibonakalisa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemibhalo. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yobuciko bakhe bokudala, waba ngumbhali wamakhulu ezinkondlo, izindaba eziningi kanye namanoveli ayi-8. Emisebenzini yakhe, wayevame ukuthinta izinkinga zobuphofu, impilo yasemakhaya, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, inkolo, njll.

Indawo ekhethekile emsebenzini kaTagore yayihlalwa ngumsebenzi "Inkondlo Yokugcina". Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, waba nesithakazelo esikhulu kwisayensi. Ngenxa yalokhu, loyo owathola umklomelo kaNobel ushicilele amaphepha amaningi ku-biology, astronomy ne-physics.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uRabindranath akazange axhumane isikhathi eside no-Einstein, axoxa naye ngezindaba ezahlukahlukene zesayensi.

Umculo nezithombe

UmHindu wayengeyena nje umbhali onekhono. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, waqamba izingoma ezingaba ngu-2 230, ezihlanganisa namaculo ezenkolo. Eminye imibhalo kaRabindranath isethwe emculweni ngemuva kokushona kombhali.

Isibonelo, ngo-1950 iculo lesizwe laseNdiya lafakwa enkondlweni kaTagore, kwathi eminyakeni engama-20 kamuva imigqa ka-Amar Shonar Bangla yaba ngumculo osemthethweni wezwe laseBangladesh.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRabindranath wayengumculi owabhala cishe ama-2500 canvases. Imisebenzi yakhe ikhonjiswe kaningi eNdiya nakwamanye amazwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wabheka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zobuciko, kufaka phakathi ubuqiniso kanye ne-impressionist.

Imidwebo yakhe ihlukaniswa ngemibala engajwayelekile. Ababhali bezindaba zikaTagore bahlobanisa lokhu nobumpumputhe bombala. Imvamisa uveze imidwebo ye-canvas enezilinganiso ezilungile zejometri, okwakuwumphumela wokuthanda kwakhe isayensi ngqo.

Umsebenzi womphakathi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu elisha, uRabindranath Tagore wayehlala endaweni yomndeni ngaseCalcutta, lapho ayebhala khona, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo. Uvulele indawo yokukhosela amadoda ahlakaniphile, okubandakanya isikole, umtapo wolwazi kanye nendlu yomkhuleko.

UTagore wasekela imibono ye-Tilak yezinguquko futhi wasungula inhlangano ye-Swadeshi, eyayiphikisana nokuhlukaniswa kweBangal. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akazange alwele ukufeza le nhloso ngempi, kodwa wakufinyelela lokhu ngokukhanyiselwa kwabantu.

URabindranath uphakamise imali yezikhungo zemfundo lapho abantu abampofu bengathola khona imfundo yamahhala. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, waphakamisa udaba lokwehlukaniswa kwaba ama-castes, ahlukanisa abantu ngesimo senhlalo.

Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uTagore wahlangana noMahatma Gandhi, umholi wenhlangano elwela inkululeko yamaNdiya, izindlela zakhe ayengazamukeli. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayefundisa ngenkuthalo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-United States, lapho ayegxeka khona ubuzwe.

URabindranath wasabela kabi kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kukaHitler e-USSR. Waphikisa ngokuthi ngesikhathi esifanele umashiqela ongumJalimane wayezothola isijeziso ngabo bonke ububi abenzile.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Ngesikhathi imbongi ineminyaka engaba ngu-22 ubudala, yashada nentombazane eneminyaka engu-10 egama linguMrinalini Devi, nayo eyayivela emndenini wepirali brahmana. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezi-5, ezimbili zazo ezafa zisencane.

Kamuva uTagore waqala ukuphatha izindawo ezinkulu zomndeni esifundeni saseShelaidakhi, lapho athuthela khona umkakhe nezingane eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Wayevame ukuzungeza impahla yakhe ngesikebhe esizimele, eqoqa imali futhi exhumana nabantu bendawo ababehlela amaholide ukumhlonipha.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uchungechunge lwezinhlekelele lwenzeka ku-biography kaRabindranath. Ngo-1902, umkakhe washona, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo indodakazi nobaba wakhe bahamba. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, walahlekelwa enye ingane eyabulawa ikholera.

Ukufa

Eminyakeni engu-4 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uTagore waqala ukuhlushwa yizinhlungu ezingapheli ezagcina zigula kakhulu. Ngo-1937, waquleka, kodwa odokotela bakwazi ukusindisa impilo yakhe. Ngo-1940, waphinde wawela ku-coma, lapho ayengasadingeki ukuphuma khona.

URabindranath Tagore ushone ngo-Agasti 7, 1941 eneminyaka engama-80. Ukushona kwakhe kube yinhlekelele yangempela kubo bonke abantu abakhuluma isiBengali, abamkhale isikhathi eside.