UMaximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) - Inguquko yaseFrance, ongomunye wabantu abadumile futhi abanethonya kwezombusazwe kwiGreat French Revolution. Ukhuthaze ukuqedwa kobugqila, isigwebo sentambo, kanye ne-universal suffrage.
Ummeli ogqame kakhulu weJacobin Club selokhu yasungulwa. Umsekeli wokugumbuqelwa kobukhosi nokusungulwa kohlelo lwe-republican. Ilungu le-Paris Commune elihlubukayo, elaphikisana nezinqubomgomo zamaGirondins.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaRobespierre, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaMaximilian Robespierre.
Umlando kaRobespierre
UMaximilian Robespierre wazalwa ngoMeyi 6, 1758 edolobheni laseFrance i-Arras. Ukhulele emndenini wommeli uMaximilian Robespierre Sr. nonkosikazi wakhe uJacqueline Marguerite Carro, owayeyindodakazi yalompheki.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inguquko yesikhathi esizayo yayingenye yezingane ezi-5 zabazali bayo. Ingane yesihlanu yashona ngemuva nje kokubeletha, kwathi ngemuva kwesonto kwashona umama kaMaximilian, owayeneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ubaba washiya umndeni, ngemuva kwalokho washiya izwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, uRobespierre, kanye nomfowabo u-Augustin, bathathwa bayogcinwa ngumkhulu wakhe ongumama, kuyilapho odade bayiswa koyisekazi oyise.
Ngo-1765, uMaximilian wathunyelwa eKolishi lase-Arras. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, umfana wayengathandi ukuchitha isikhathi nontanga yakhe, ekhetha isizungu kubo. Ukuhlala yedwa yedwa, wangena emcabangweni, ecabanga ngezihloko azithandayo.
Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kokuzijabulisa kukaRobespierre kwakungukufuywa kwamajuba nondlunkulu, abahlale bekhotha okusanhlamvu eduze nendawo okwenziwa kuyo utshwala. Umkhulu wayefuna ukuthi umzukulu wakhe aqale ukuphuza ngokuzayo, kepha amaphupho akhe ayengahloselwe ukufezeka.
Ukuphumelela kwezemfundo kukaMaximilian kudonse ukunakekela kwabaxhasi abavelele. UCanon Aimé waqinisekisa ukuthi le nsizwa ithola umfundaze wama-livres angama-450. Ngemuva kwalokho wathunyelwa ekolishi elikhulu laseLouis the Great.
Njengoba izihlobo zazingenayo imali yokuxhasa uRobespierre ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, wabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zezezimali. Wayengenayo ingubo ehloniphekile nemali yokudla okunesizotha. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, wakwazi ukuba ngumfundi ohamba phambili ekolishi, azi isiLatini nesiGreki, futhi nokuqonda kahle umlando wasendulo nezincwadi.
Othisha baqaphele ukuthi uMaximilian wayengumfundi okhululekile, onesizungu futhi ophuphayo. Wayethanda ukuzulazula ngomgwaqo, elahlekile ngemicabango.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-1775 uRobespierre wakhethwa ukuthi ahambise i-ode yokudumisa eNkosini uLouis XVI owayesanda kukhethwa. Lapho-ke inkosi yayingakaqapheli ukuthi le nsizwa eyayimi phambi kwakhe eminyakeni eyalandela yayizoba yisijeziso sayo.
Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, uMaximilian uthathe isinqumo sokwenza umthetho. Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe eSorbonne futhi waba yiBachelor of Laws, igama lakhe lafakwa kwirejista yabameli bePhalamende laseParis.
I-French Revolution
Ngemuva kokuthola ilayisense lommeli, uRobespierre waba nentshisekelo ezimfundisweni zefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi, futhi wakhombisa nentshisekelo enkulu kwezepolitiki. Ngo-1789 waba yilungu lamasekela ayi-12 eState General.
Ngokuphazima kweso, uMaximilian waba ngomunye wabakhulumeli abanethalente nabadumile. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi phakathi no-1789 wenza izinkulumo ezingama-69, kwathi ngo-1791 - 328!
Ngokushesha, uRobespierre wajoyina iJacobins, inhlangano yezombusazwe eyayinethonya elikhulu kwezinguquko, ehlotshaniswa nencazelo ye-republicanism kanye nokusetshenziswa kodlame ekufezeni izinhloso.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography, uMaximilian wayengumsekeli wemibono kaRene Rousseau, egxeka kakhulu izinguquko zabakhululekile. Ngokukhankasa kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa nokunxenxa intando yeningi, kanye nokuthembeka ezimisweni, wathola igama lesidlaliso "Elingenakonakala".
Ngemuva kokuhlakazwa kwesiGungu Sikazwelonke (1791), le ndoda yaqhubeka nokusebenza eParis. Wayephikisana nempi ne-Austria, ngoba, ngokombono wakhe, wenza umonakalo omkhulu eFrance. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kakhulu osopolitiki abameseka kulolu daba.
Lapho-ke akekho noyedwa owayengacabanga ukuthi impi yezempi izodonsa iminyaka emide engama-25 futhi iholele emiphumeleni ephikisayo kulabo ababelwela yona - uLouis 16 noBrissot nabalingani bakhe. URobespierre ubambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesifungo sezikhulu, kanye nasekubhalweni komthethosisekelo we-1791.
Lo sopolitiki ucele ukuthi kuqedwe isigwebo sentambo, kodwa wangayithola impendulo kozakwabo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amasosha aseFrance alahlekelwa ezimpini nama-Austrian. Amasosha amaningi adlulela ngasohlangothini lwesitha, njengoba ukuthembela kuhulumeni kwakuncipha nsuku zonke.
Efuna ukuvimbela ukuwa kombuso, uRobespierre waqala ukubiza abantu bakubo ukuba bavukele. Ehlobo lika-1792 kwaba nesiyaluyalu. Umholi wamaJacobins ungene eParis Commune, ngemuva kwalokho wakhethwa eMhlanganweni kanye noGeorges Jacques Danton.
Yaqala kanjalo-ke le nto yokuvukela amaGirondini. Ngokushesha, uMaximilian waqala ukwethula izinkulumo lapho ayefuna khona ukubulawa kwenkosi yaseFrance ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala noma ukuphenywa. Unomusho olandelayo: "ULouis kumele afe, njengoba izwe lobaba kufanele liphile."
Ngenxa yalokho, ngoJanuwari 21, 1793, uLouis 16 wabulawa nge-guillotine. AbakwaJacobins bathole ukwesekwa kwabakwa-sans-culottes kanye nama-radicals. Umhlangano uthathe isinqumo sokusungula inani elinqunyiwe lesinkwa, kanti uRobespierre uqobo waba ngomunye wabaholi beParis Commune.
UMeyi wonyaka ofanayo waphawulwa ngokuvukela umbuso lapho amaGirondini ahlushwa i-fiasco echotshozayo. IFransi yaxokozela ezinxushunxushwini, ngenxa yalokho iSivumelwano sasiyalela ukwakhiwa kwamakomidi, sabanika inkululeko yokusebenza.
URobespierre wagcina eseKomidini Lensindiso, ethuthukisa inqubomgomo yokususa ubuKrestu. Ngokubona kwakhe, omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yezinguquko kwaba ukwakhiwa komphakathi ngendlela entsha, ngokususelwa ekuziphatheni kwenkolo entsha.
Ngo-1794, kwamenyezelwa iCult of the Supreme Being ezweni, okwakuyinkolo yenkolo, ngochungechunge lwemikhosi esemthethweni yokuguqula umbuso. Le nkolo yasungulwa nguhulumeni emzabalazweni wokulwa nobuKristu, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukulwa nobuKatolika.
Ezinkulumweni zakhe, uRobespierre umemezele ukuthi inhloso ingafinyelelwa kuphela ngosizo lokwesaba. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi ne-Austria, isiShayamthetho saqala ukusebenza eFrance, okwaholela ekuhlakazekeni kwamakomidi. Esifundazweni, umsebenzi wezandla kancane kancane wathathelwa indawo umsebenzi womshini.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, izwe laqala ukusimama eminyakeni eyishumi yokuntengantenga komnotho. Izinguquko zenziwa emkhakheni wezemfundo, isonto elalingasakwazi ukuthonya.
Ehlobo lika-1794, kwashaywa umthetho okusho ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhamuzi sasijeziselwa imizwa elwa ne-republican. Kamuva, uMaximilian Robespierre wacela ukuthi kubulawe abalingani bakaDanton, ababengabaphikisi bezepolitiki bamaJacobins.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uguquko wahlela isenzo sokuhlonipha iCult of the Supreme Being. Abasolwa abakwazanga ukuthola ukuvikelwa nokwesekwa, ngenkathi igunya leRobespierre lincipha nsuku zonke. Yaqala kanjalo iGreat Terror, lapho umbuso wobushiqela kaJacobin wawa khona.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngoJulayi 27, eRobespierre nabantu ababenomqondo ofanayo babekwa icala. Ngenxa yalolu zungu, bakhishwa emthethweni, kwathi naye uMaximilian waketulwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Intombi kaRobespierre ayithandayo kwakungu-Eleanor Duplet. Babezwelana omunye nomunye hhayi kuphela ukuzwelana, kodwa futhi babe nemibono efanayo yezepolitiki.
Abanye ababhali bama-biographer bathi uMaximilian wanikela ngo-Eleanor isandla nenhliziyo, kanti abanye bayasiphika isitatimende esinjalo. Noma kunjalo, le ndaba ayikaze ize emshadweni. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi le ntombazane yaphila isikhathi eside kumthandi wayo iminyaka engama-38 futhi yagqoka ukumlilela kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yayo, ingakaze ishade.
Ukufa
UMaximilian Robespierre wabulawa yi-guillotine ngoJulayi 28, 1794. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-36 ubudala. Umzimba wakhe, kanye nomunye uJacobins owabulawa, wangcwatshwa ethuneni elikhulu futhi embozwe ngomcako ukuze kungabikho mkhondo wenguquko ozohlala.
Izithombe zeRobespierre
