UBertrand Arthur William Russell, U-Earl Russell wesithathu (1872-1970) - Isazi sefilosofi saseBrithani, u-logician, isazi sezibalo, umbhali, isazi-mlando nomlingiswa womphakathi. Umgqugquzeli we-pacifism nokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. Wenza umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu kumqondo wezibalo, umlando wefilosofi kanye nombono wolwazi.
URussell uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli be-English neorealism neo-positivism. Ngo-1950 wanikezwa iNobel Prize in Literature. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi omunye wama-logician aqhakazile wekhulu lama-20.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaRussell, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaBertrand Russell.
Umlando kaRussell
UBertrand Russell wazalwa ngoMeyi 18, 1872 esifundeni saseWales iMonmouthshire. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ohloniphekile kaJohn Russell noKatherine Stanley, okwakungowomugqa wakudala wosopolitiki nososayensi.
Uyise wayeyindodana kaNdunankulu waseNgilandi kanye nomholi weqembu le-Whig. Ngaphezu kukaBertrand, abazali bakhe babenomfana uFrank nentombazane uRachel.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Izihlobo eziningi zikaBertrand bezihlukaniswe yimfundo yabo kanye nezikhundla eziphakeme emphakathini. URussell Sr. wayengomunye wabasunguli be-pacifism, inkolelo yayo eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-19 futhi yathandwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva. Ngokuzayo, umfana uzoba ngumsekeli oshisekayo wemibono kayise.
Umama kaBertrand walwela ngenkuthalo amalungelo abesifazane, okwadala ubutha kuNdlovukazi uVictoria.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngeminyaka engu-4, isazi sefilosofi esizayo saba yintandane. Ekuqaleni, unina wabulawa yi-diphtheria, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ubaba wakhe wabulawa yi-bronchitis.
Ngenxa yalokho, izingane zakhuliswa ngugogo wazo, uCountess Russell, owayenamathela emibonweni yamaPuritan. Owesifazane wenza konke okudingekayo ukuhlinzeka abazukulu bakhe ngemfundo ehloniphekile.
Ngisho nasekuqaleni kobuntwana, uBertrand wakha intshisekelo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesayensi yemvelo. Umfana wayechitha isikhathi esiningi efunda izincwadi, futhi ethanda nezibalo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nangaleso sikhathi watshela isazi senhliziyo esizinikele ukuthi wayengakholelwa ebukhoneni boMdali.
Lapho eseneminyaka yobudala eyi-17, uRussell waziphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo eTrinity College, eCambridge. Kamuva wathola iziqu zeBachelor of Arts.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, waba nentshisekelo emisebenzini kaJohn Locke noDavid Hume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafunda imisebenzi yezomnotho kaKarl Marx.
Ukubukwa nemisebenzi yefilosofi
Ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu, uBertrand Russell waqokwa waba ngusomaqhinga waseBrithani, okokuqala eFrance kwase kuthi eJalimane. Ngo-1986 washicilela umsebenzi wokuqala obalulekile "I-German Social Democracy", eyamlethela udumo olukhulu.
Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uRussell wavunyelwa ukuba afundise ngezomnotho eLondon, okwamenza waduma kakhulu.
Ngo-1900 wathola isimemo kwi-World Philosophical Congress eParis, lapho akwazi khona ukuhlangana nososayensi abasezingeni lomhlaba.
Ngo-1908, uBertrand waba yilungu leRoyal Society, okuyinhlangano ehamba phambili yesayensi eBrithani. Kamuva, ngokubambisana noWhitehead, washicilela incwadi ethi Principia Mathematica, eyamenza waziwa emhlabeni wonke. Ababhali bathi ifilosofi ihumusha yonke isayensi yemvelo, futhi umqondo uba yisisekelo sanoma iluphi ucwaningo.
Bobabili ososayensi babenombono wokuthi iqiniso lingaqondakala kuphela ngokwamandla, okungukuthi, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. URussell unake kakhulu ukwakheka kombuso, egxeka ubungxiwankulu.
Le ndoda iveze ukuthi yonke imikhakha yezimboni kumele iphathwe ngabantu abasebenzayo, hhayi osomabhizinisi nezikhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wabiza amandla ombuso ngokuthi imbangela eyinhloko yazo zonke izinhlupheko emhlabeni. Ezindabeni zokhetho, wakhuthaza ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918) uRussell wayegcwele imibono yokulwa nokulwa. Uyilungu lomphakathi - "Ukuphikisana nokubuthelwa empini", okwenze intukuthelo kuhulumeni okhona manje. Le ndoda inxuse abantu bakubo ukuthi benqabe ukusebenzela ezempi, nokuyilapho athethwe khona.
Inkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sokubuyisa inhlawulo kuBertrand, yathatha umtapo wakhe wezincwadi futhi yamncisha nethuba lokuvakashela eMelika ukuyofundisa. Noma kunjalo, akazange azilahle izinkolelo zakhe, futhi ngenxa yezitatimende ezibucayi ngo-1918 waboshwa izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Esitokisini, uRussell wabhala "Isingeniso seMathematics Philosophy." Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi, waqhubeka enza imisebenzi yokulwa nempi, ethuthukisa imibono yakhe ngenkuthalo. Kamuva, isazi sefilosofi savuma ukuthi siyawathanda amaBolsheviks, okwadala ukunganeliseki okukhulu phakathi kweziphathimandla.
Ngo-1920, uBertrand Russell waya eRussia, lapho ahlala khona cishe inyanga eyodwa. Uxhumana mathupha noLenin, Trotsky, Gorky noBlok. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unikezwa ithuba lokufundisa ePetrograd Mathematical Society.
Ngesikhathi sakhe esikhululekile, uRussell waxhumana nabantu abavamile futhi waqala ukudumala ngeBolshevism. Kamuva, waqala ukugxeka ubukhomanisi, ezibiza ngososhiyali. Ngasikhathi sinye, wathi, ngezinga elithile, umhlaba usadinga ubukhomanisi.
Usosayensi wabelane ngemibono yakhe ngohambo oluya eRussia encwadini ethi "Bolshevism and the West". Ngemuva kwalokho, wavakashela eChina, okwaholela ekutheni kushicilelwe umsebenzi wakhe omusha osihloko sithi "The Problem of China".
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1924-1931. URussell ukhulume emadolobheni ahlukahlukene aseMelika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waba nesithakazelo ekufundiseni. Lo mcabangi ugxeke uhlelo lwezemfundo lwesiNgisi, enxusa izingane ukuthi zithuthukise ubuhlakani, kanye nokuqeda ubuholi kanye nobuphathi.
Ngo-1929, uBertrand washicilela i-Marriage and Morality, lapho athola khona iNobel Prize for Literature ngo-1950. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi kwamcindezela kakhulu isazi sefilosofi, okwathi kukho konke ukuphila kwaso sabiza abantu ukuba babe nokuthula nokuzwana nemvelo.
Maphakathi nawo-1930, uRussell wagxeka ngokusobala iBolshevism kanye ne-fascism, enikela ngemisebenzi eminingi kulesi sihloko. Ukusondela kweMpi Yezwe II kumphoqa ukuthi acabangisise kabusha ngemibono yakhe mayelana nokuthula. Ngemuva kokubanjwa kukaHitler kwePoland, wagcina eyekile ukulwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBertrand Russell wanxusa iBrithani ne-United States ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezihlanganyelwe kwezempi. Ngo-1940 waba nguProfesa Wefilosofi eCity College yaseNew York. Lokhu kwabangela intukuthelo phakathi kwabefundisi, abalwa nabo futhi wakhuthaza ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu.
Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, uRussell waqhubeka nokubhala izincwadi ezintsha, ukukhuluma emsakazweni, nokufundisa abafundi. Maphakathi nawo-1950, wayengumsekeli wenqubomgomo yeCold War ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi ingavimbela iMpi Yomhlaba Yesithathu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi wagxeka i-USSR futhi waze wakubona kunesidingo ukuphoqa ubuholi baseSoviet ukuthi buthumele e-United States ngaphansi kosongo lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuvela kwebhomu le-athomu eSoviet Union, waqala wakhuthaza ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke.
Umsebenzi womphakathi
Esikhathini somzabalazo wokuthula, uBertrand Russell unxuse sonke isintu ukuthi sishiye izikhali zenuzi, ngoba empini enjalo ngeke kube nabanqobi, kuphela abahluliwe.
Isimemezelo Sokubhikisha sikaRussell-Einstein saholela ekusungulweni kwePugwash Scientists Movement, inhlangano egqugquzela ukuphucwa izikhali nokuvimbela impi ye-thermonuclear. Imisebenzi yaseBrithani yamenza waba ngomunye wabalweli abadume ngokuthula.
Ngenkinga yenkinga yemicibisholo yaseCuba, uRussell waphendukela kubaholi base-United States nase-USSR - uJohn F. Kennedy noNikita Khrushchev, ebanxusa ukuthi kube nezingxoxo zokuthula. Kamuva, isazi sefilosofi sagxeka ukungena kwamasosha eCzechoslovakia, kanye nokubandakanyeka kwe-United States empini eVietnam.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Phakathi neminyaka yomlando wakhe siqu, uBertrand Russell wayeshade amahlandla ama-4, futhi waba nezinkosikazi eziningi. Umkakhe wokuqala kwakungu-Alice Smith, umshado wakhe awuphumelelanga.
Ngemuva kwalokho, le ndoda yaba nezindaba ezimfishane namantombazane ahlukahlukene, okubandakanya u-Ottolin Morrell, uHelen Dudley, u-Irene Cooper Ullis noConstance Malleson. Okwesibili uRussell ehla ngendlela nomlobi uDora Black. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana waba nomfana nentombazane.
Ngokushesha, lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuhamba, ngoba lo mcabangi waqala ukuthandana noJoan Falwell osemusha, owathatha cishe iminyaka emithathu. Ngo-1936, waphakamisa uPatricia Spencer, umphathi wezingane zakhe, owavuma ukuba ngumkakhe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uBertrand wayeneminyaka engama-38 emdala kunomuntu amkhethile.
Ngokushesha abasanda kushada baba nomfana. Kodwa-ke, ukuzalwa kwendodana akuzange kusindise lo mshado. Ngo-1952, lo mcabangi wahlukanisa nomkakhe, wathandana nomlobi u-Edith Fing.
Ndawonye babambe iqhaza emihlanganweni, baya emazweni ahlukene futhi benza imisebenzi yokulwa nempi.
Ukufa
UBertrand Russell ushone ngoFebhuwari 2, 1970 eneminyaka engama-97. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwakuwumkhuhlane. Wangcwatshwa eGwyneth County, Welsh.
Namuhla, imisebenzi yaseBrithani ithandwa kakhulu. Emibhalweni eya eqoqweni lesikhumbuzo "uBertrand Russell - Isazi sefilosofi sobudala" kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukunikela kukaRussell emqondweni wezibalo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyisisekelo kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Aristotle.
Isithombe nguBertrand Russell
