UDenis Diderot (1713-1784) - Umbhali waseFrance, isazi sefilosofi, uthisha nombhali wemidlalo, owasungula i- "Encyclopedia, noma i-Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Ilungu elihlonishwayo langaphandle eSt. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaDiderot, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaDenis Diderot.
I-Biography kaDiderot
UDenis Diderot wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 5, 1713 edolobheni laseFrance iLangres. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini weweta oyinhloko uDidier Diderot nomkakhe u-Angelica Wigneron. Ngaphezu kukaDenis, abazali bakhe babenezinye izingane ezi-5, ezimbili zazo ezafa zisencane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Kakade ebuntwaneni, uDiderot waqala ukukhombisa amakhono amahle kakhulu wokufunda isayensi ehlukahlukene. Abazali babefuna indodana yabo ixhumanise impilo yayo nesonto.
Lapho uDenis eneminyaka engaba ngu-13 ubudala, waqala ukufunda e-Catholic Lyceum, eyayiqeqesha abefundisi besikhathi esizayo. Kamuva waba ngumfundi eJesuit College eLangres, lapho athola khona iMasters of Arts in Philosophy.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uDenis Diderot waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-College d'Arcourt e-University of Paris. Lapho eneminyaka engu-22, wenqaba ukungenela abefundisi, wanquma ukwenza iziqu zomthetho. Kodwa-ke, washeshe waphelelwa yisifiso sokufundela ezomthetho.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uDiderot wayefuna ukuba ngumbhali nomhumushi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngenxa yokwenqaba kwakhe ukuthatha omunye wemikhakha efundile, ubaba wakhe wamphika. Ngo-1749 uDenis wagcina edumele ngenkolo.
Mhlawumbe lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi udadewabo othandekayo u-Angelica, owaba yindela, wabulawa ukusebenza ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokukhonza kwaphezulu ethempelini.
Izincwadi nemidlalo yaseshashalazini
Ngama-40s okuqala, uDenis Diderot wayebandakanyekile ekuhumusheni imisebenzi yesiNgisi esiFulentshi. Ngo-1746 washicilela incwadi yakhe yokuqala, i-Philosophical Thoughts. Kuyo, umbhali uxoxe ngokubuyisana kwesizathu ngomuzwa.
UDenis uphethe ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesiyalo, umuzwa ungalimaza, kanti bekudingeka isizathu sokulawula. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wayengumsekeli wenkolo yama-deism - inkambiso yenkolo nefilosofi eqaphela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu nokudalwa komhlaba nguye, kepha iphika iningi lezinto ezingaphezu kwemvelo nezingaqondakali, isambulo saphezulu nobumbano lwenkolo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kulo msebenzi, uDiderot ubalule imibono eminingi egxeka ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nobuKrestu bendabuko. Imibono yakhe yezenkolo ilandelwa kangcono encwadini ethi The Skeptic's Walk (1747).
Lesi sivumelwano sifana nengxoxo phakathi kwe-deist, i-atheist kanye ne-pantheist mayelana nobunkulunkulu. Ngamunye wabahlanganyeli enkulumweni-mpikiswano unikeza ubuhle nobubi bakhe, ngokuya ngamaqiniso athile. Kodwa-ke, i-The Skeptic's Walk ayizange ishicilelwe kuze kube ngu-1830.
Iziphathimandla zixwayise uDenis Diderot ukuthi uma eqala ukusabalalisa le ncwadi "eyimbuka", bazomthumela ejele, futhi yonke imibhalo yesandla izoshiswa esigxotsheni. isazi sefilosofi noma kunjalo saboshwa, kepha hhayi "Ukuhamba", kepha ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe "Incwadi Esole Impumputhe Kulabo Abangabona."
UDiderot uchithe cishe izinyanga ezinhlanu evalelwe yedwa. Ngalesi sifundo, wahlola i-Paradise Lost kaJohn Milton, ebhala amanothi eceleni. Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe, waphinde waqala ukubhala.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi emibonweni yakhe yezepolitiki, uDenis wanamathela emfundisweni yokukhanyiselwa ngokuphelele. NjengoVoltaire, wayenokungabaza ngobuningi obudumile, okuthi, ngokombono wakhe, abakwazanga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu zepolitiki nezokuziphatha. Ubize ubukhosi ngohlobo lukahulumeni oluhamba phambili. Ngasikhathi sinye, inkosi yayiphoqelekile ukuba ibe nalo lonke ulwazi lwesayensi nefilosofi.
Ngo-1750, uDiderot waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba ngumhleli wencwadi enegunya eyinkomba yesiFulentshi ye-The Enlightenment - "Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyi-16 esebenza ku-encyclopedia, waba ngumbhali wezihloko ezingamakhulu ambalwa zezomnotho, zefilosofi, ezepolitiki nezenkolo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokubambisana noDenis, othisha abaziwayo abanjengoVoltaire, uJean Leron d'Alembert, uPaul Henri Holbach, u-Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, uJean-Jacques Rousseau nabanye basebenza ekubhalweni kwalo msebenzi. Imiqulu engama-28 kwengama-35 ye-Encyclopedia yahlelwa nguDiderot.
Ukusebenzisana nomshicileli u-André le Breton kwaphela ngenxa yokuthi yena, ngaphandle kwemvume kaDenis, wasusa imicabango "eyingozi" ezihlokweni. Isazi sefilosofi sathukuthela kakhulu ngezenzo zikaBreton, sanquma ukushiya lo msebenzi omkhulukazi.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-biography Diderot yaqala ukunaka kakhulu inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Waqala ukubhala imidlalo lapho ayevame ukuthinta khona ubudlelwane bomndeni.
Isibonelo, emdlalweni othi "iNdodana engekho Emthethweni" (1757), umbhali wazindla ngenkinga yezingane ezingekho emthethweni, naku "Baba Womndeni" (1758), waxoxa ngokuqokwa kukankosikazi ngokuyalelwa yinhliziyo, hhayi ngokucindezelwa ngubaba.
Ngaleso sikhathi, le theatre yayihlukaniswe yaba yikhulu (inhlekelele) nephansi (amahlaya). Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni asungule uhlobo olusha lobuciko obubabazekayo, alubize - "uhlobo olubucayi." Lolu hlobo lwalusho isiphambano phakathi kwenhlekelele namahlaya, okwathi kamuva kwaqala ukubizwa - idrama.
Ngaphezu kokubhala izindatshana zefilosofi, imidlalo yeshashalazi nezincwadi zobuciko, uDenis Diderot ushicilele imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko. Okuthandwa kakhulu kwakuyinoveli ethi "Jacques the Fatalist and His Master", inkhulumomphendvulwano "Umshana kaRameau" nendaba ethi "The Nun".
Eminyakeni eminingi yobuciko bakhe bokudala, uDiderot waba ngumbhali wama-aphorism amaningi, kufaka phakathi:
- "Umuntu uyeka ukucabanga lapho eyeka ukufunda."
- "Ungangeni ezincazelweni uma ufuna ukuzwakala."
- "Uthando luvame ukuncisha umqondo walowo onalo, lubuye lunikeze labo abangenalo."
- "Nomaphi lapho uzithola khona, abantu bayohlala bengasile ngaphezu kwakho."
- "Impilo yabantu ababi igcwele ukukhathazeka," njll.
I-biography kaDiderot ihlobene kakhulu neRussia, noma kunalokho noCatherine II. Lapho indlovukazi izwa ngobunzima bempahla yomFulentshi, yathembisa ukuthenga umtapo wayo wezincwadi futhi yamqoka ukuba abe ngumqapheli ozohola ngonyaka ama-livres ayinkulungwane. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uCatherine wakhokhela isazi sefilosofi kusengaphambili iminyaka engu-25 yenkonzo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ekwindla ka-1773, uDenis Diderot wafika eRussia, lapho ahlala khona izinyanga ezi-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, uKumkanikazi wakhuluma nothisha waseFrance cishe nsuku zonke.
Babevame ukuxoxa ngezindaba zepolitiki. Esinye sezihloko ezibalulekile ukuguqulwa kweRussia ibe yisimo esihle. Ngasikhathi sinye, lona wesifazane wayeyithandabuza imibono kaDiderot. Encwadini yakhe ayibhale nonozakuzaku uLouis-Philippe Segur, wabhala ukuthi uma iRussia ithuthuka ngokwesimo sefilosofi, izixuku zimlindile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1743 uDenis waqala ukuthandana nentombazane esezingeni eliphansi, u-Anne-Antoinette Champion. Ifuna ukumshada, umfana wacela isibusiso sikayise.
Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi uDiderot Sr. ethola ngalokhu, akagcinanga ngokunikeza imvume yakhe emshadweni, kepha wazuza "incwadi enophawu" - ukuboshwa kwendodana yakhe ngokungafanele. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi le nsizwa yaboshwa yagqunywa esigodlweni sezindela.
Emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, uDenis wakwazi ukubaleka esigodlweni sezindela. NgoNovemba wonyaka ofanayo, abathandi babeshade ngasese kwelinye lamasonto aseParis. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uDiderot Sr. wathola ngalo mshado eminyakeni eyisithupha kuphela kamuva.
Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezine, ezintathu zazo zashona ziseyizinsana. Kuphela wasinda Maria-Angelica, owaba umculi okhokhelwayo kamuva. UDenis Diderot wayengeke abizwe ngendoda yomndeni eyisibonelo.
Le ndoda isikhohlise kaningi unkosikazi wayo nabesifazane abehlukene, kubandakanya umlobi uMadeleine de Puisier, indodakazi yomculi waseFrance uJeannie-Catherine de Meaux kanti, no-Sophie Voldem. Igama langempela likaVolan nguLouise-Henrietta, kanti igama lesidlaliso "uSophie" walinikwa nguDenis, owayebabaza ubuhlakani bakhe nobuhlakani bakhe obusheshayo.
Abathandi babhalelana iminyaka engaba ngu-30, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaVolan. Ngenxa yokubalwa kwezinhlamvu, kuyacaca ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sathumela imiyalezo engama-553 kuSophie, okukhona kuyo engu-187 kuze kube namuhla. Kamuva, lezi zincwadi zathengwa nguCatherine 2, kanye nomtapo wolwazi wesazi sefilosofi saseFrance.
Ukufa
UDenis Diderot ushone ngoJulayi 31, 1784 eneminyaka engama-70. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba i- emphysema, isifo sepheshana lokuphefumula. Isidumbu salo mcabangi sangcwatshwa eSontweni laseSt.
Ngeshwa, phakathi ne-French Revolution edumile yango-1789, wonke amathuna esontweni abhujiswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ochwepheshe abakayazi indawo ngqo yezinsalela zikathisha.
Izithombe zeDiderot
