Ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew - ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwamaHuguenot eFrance, okwakuhlelwe ngamaKatolika ngobusuku bango-Agasti 24, 1572, ngosuku olwandulela uSuku lukaSt. Bartholomew.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, babalelwa ku-3 000 abantu abafa eParis kuphela, kuyilapho amaHuguenot angaba ngu-30 000 abulawa ngokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi eFrance.
Kukholakala ukuthi ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew bushukunyiswe uCatherine de Medici, owayefuna ukuhlanganisa ukuthula phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili ezaziphikisana. Kodwa-ke, uPapa, noma inkosi yaseSpain uPhilip II, noma amaKatolika ashisekayo eFrance babengahlanganyeli nenqubo kaCatherine.
Lesi sibhicongo senzeka ezinsukwini eziyisithupha ngemuva komshado wendodakazi yasebukhosini uMargaret nomProthestani uHenry waseNavarre. Lokhu kubulawa kwaqala ngomhlaka-23 Agasti, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuzanywa ukubulawa kuka-Admiral Gaspard Coligny, umbutho wezempi nowezombusazwe wamaHuguenot.
AmaHuguenot. Abalandeli bakaCalvin
AmaHuguenot angamaCalvin angamaProthestani aseFrance (abalandeli benguquko uJean Calvin). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izimpi phakathi kwamaKatolika namaHuguenot seziyilwe iminyaka eminingi. Ngawo-1950, inkolo kaCalvin yanda kakhulu entshonalanga yezwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela enye yezimfundiso eziyinhloko zobuCalvinism, efundeka kanje: "NguNkulunkulu kuphela onquma kusengaphambili ukuthi ngubani ozosindiswa, ngakho-ke umuntu akakwazi ukushintsha noma yini." Ngakho-ke, abakwaCalvin babekholelwa ekunqunyelweni kusengaphambili kukaNkulunkulu, noma, ngamagama alula, ekudalelweni.
Ngenxa yalokho, amaHuguenot azikhulula emthwalweni wemfanelo futhi azikhulula ezinkingeni ezihlala zikhona, ngoba konke sekuvele kunqunywe kusengaphambili nguMdali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababonanga kunesidingo sokunikela okweshumi esontweni - okweshumi kwemiholo yabo.
Njalo ngonyaka inani lamaHuguenot, okwakukhona phakathi kwawo izicukuthwane eziningi, landa. Ngo-1534, inkosi uFrancis I yathola amapheshana eminyango yamakamelo ayo, ayegxeka futhi ehleka usulu izinkolelo zamaKatolika. Lokhu kwavusa intukuthelo enkosini, ngenxa yalokho ukushushiswa kwabalandeli bakaCalvin kwaqala kuhulumeni.
AmaHuguenot alwela inkululeko yokukhulekela inkolo yawo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi impi yaphenduka impi enkulu phakathi kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezazifuna isihlalo sobukhosi - ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaBourbons (amaProthestani), neValois neGuises (amaKatolika), ngakolunye uhlangothi.
AmaBourbons angabantu bokuqala ababengena esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemuva kukaValois, okwakhulisa isifiso sabo sempi. Ngobusuku obuzayo bukaSt. Bartholomew kusuka ngomhlaka 23 kuya ku-24 Agasti 1572 beza kanjena. Ekupheleni kwenye impi ngo-1570, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuthula.
Yize amaHuguenot engakwazanga ukunqoba impi eyodwa ebucayi, uhulumeni waseFrance wayengenaso isifiso sokuhlanganyela empini yezempi. Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi yavuma isivumelwano, yenza ukuvumelana okukhulu nabalandeli bakaCalvin.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, amaHuguenot ayenelungelo lokwenza izinkonzo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kweParis. Babevunyelwe nokuba nezikhundla zikahulumeni. Inkosi isayine incwadi ebanikeza izinqaba ezi-4, kwathi umholi wabo u-Admiral de Coligny wathola isihlalo emkhandlwini wasebukhosini. Lesi simo asikwazanga ukujabulisa ngisho nonina wenkosi, uCatherine de Medici, noma, ngokufanele, uGizam.
Kodwa-ke, efisa ukuletha ukuthula eFrance, uCatherine wanquma ukushada nendodakazi yakhe uMargaret kuHenry IV waseNavarre, owayenguHuguenot ohloniphekile. Ngomshado ozayo wabasanda kushada, izivakashi eziningi ezivela ohlangothini lomkhwenyana, ezazingabalandeli bakaCalvin, zahlangana.
Ezinsukwini ezine kamuva, ngokomyalelo womuntu uqobo uMbusi Heinrich de Guise, kwenziwa umzamo ngempilo ka-Admiral Coligny. Isikhulu saphindisela uFrançois de Guise, owabulawa eminyakeni eminingana edlule ngemiyalo yomphathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayecasulwa ukuthi uMargarita akazange abe ngumkakhe.
Kodwa-ke, lowo owadubula uColigny wamlimaza kuphela, ngenxa yalokho wakwazi ukusinda. AmaHuguenot ayefuna ukuthi uhulumeni ajezise ngokushesha wonke umuntu owayehilelekile emzameni wokubulala. Ngokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kumaProthestani, isikhulu senkosi sameluleka ukuba awaqede nya amaHuguenot.
Isigodlo sasebukhosini sasibazonda kakhulu abalandeli bakaCalvin. Umndeni obusayo waseValois wesabela ukuphepha kwawo, futhi ngesizathu esizwakalayo. Phakathi neminyaka yezimpi zenkolo, amaHuguenot azama kabili ukuthumba inkosi uCharles IX waseValois nonina uCatherine de 'Medici ukuze babeke intando yabo kubo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, inqwaba yamalungu enkosi ayengamaKatolika. Ngenxa yalokho, benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuqeda amaProthestani ayewazonda.
Izizathu zobusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona cishe ama-2 million amaHuguenot eFrance, okwakungaba ngu-10% wabantu bezwe. Baphikelela bezama ukuguqulela abantu bakubo enkolweni yabo, benikela ngawo wonke amandla abo ukwenza lokhu. Kwakungeyona inzuzo ukuthi inkosi ilwe nabo, ngoba yonakalisa umgcinimafa.
Noma kunjalo, usuku ngalunye oludlulayo, abalandeli bakaCalvin baba usongo olwandayo embusweni. UMkhandlu Wasebukhosini wahlela ukubulala kuphela uColigny owayelimele, okwenziwa kamuva, futhi nokususa abaholi abaningana ababenethonya kakhulu kumaProthestani.
Kancane kancane, isimo sashuba kakhulu. Iziphathimandla zayalela ukuba kuthathwe uHenry waseNavarre nesihlobo sakhe uCondé. Ngenxa yalokho, uHenry waphoqeleka ukuba aguqukele ebuKatolikeni, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ebalekile, uHenry waphinde waba umProthestani. Kwakungekhona okokuqala ukuthi abantu baseParis bacele inkosi ukuba ibabhubhise bonke amaHuguenot, ababanikeza inkinga enkulu.
Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho ukubulawa kwabaholi bamaProthestani kuqala ngobusuku bango-Agasti 24, abantu basemadolobheni nabo bangena emigwaqweni beyolwa nabaphikisi. Njengomthetho, amaHuguenot ayegqoka izingubo ezimnyama, okwakwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa namaKatolika.
Igagasi lobudlova lahlasela iParis, ngemuva kwalokho lasakazekela kwezinye izifunda. Isibhicongo esinegazi, esaqhubeka amasonto ambalwa, sagubuzela izwe lonke. Izazi-mlando namanje azilazi inani eliqondile lezisulu phakathi nobusuku baseSt. Bartholomew.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi isibalo sabantu abashonile besicishe sibe ngu-5 000, kanti abanye bathi isibalo besingama-30,000. AmaKatolika awazange asindise izingane noma asebekhulile. EFrance, kwaqubuka isiphithiphithi nokwesaba, okwathi maduze kwaziwa yiNkosi yaseRussia u-Ivan the Terrible. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umbusi waseRussia uzigxekile izenzo zikahulumeni waseFrance.
Cishe ama-Huguenot angama-200,000 aphoqeleka ukuba abaleke ngokushesha eFrance aye emazweni angomakhelwane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iNgilandi, iPoland kanye neziphathimandla zaseJalimane nazo zigxeke okwenziwa yiParis.
Yini ebangele isihluku esikhulu kangaka? Iqiniso ngukuthi abanye babashushisa ngempela amaHuguenot ngezizathu zenkolo, kepha babebaningi ababusebenzisa ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew ngezinhloso zobugovu.
Kunamacala amaningi aziwayo abantu abaxazulula izikolo zabo nabakweletayo, abaphula umthetho, noma izitha esezinesikhathi eside zikhona. Ezingxabanweni ezazibusa, kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi kungani lo noma lowo muntu ebulewe. Abantu abaningi babebambe inkunzi njengokujwayelekile, benza inhlanhla enkulu.
Futhi nokho, isizathu esiyinhloko sodlame olukhulu lwamaKatolika kwakuwukuzonda okujwayelekile kumaProthestani. Ekuqaleni, inkosi yayihlela ukubulala kuphela abaholi bamaHuguenot, kuyilapho amaFulentshi avamile engabasunguli besibhicongo esikhulu.
Ukubulawa kwabantu ngobusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew
Okokuqala, ngaleso sikhathi abantu babengafuni ukuguqula inkolo futhi bamise amasiko. Kukholakala ukuthi uNkulunkulu uzojezisa wonke umbuso uma abantu bengakwazi ukuvikela inkolo yabo. Ngakho-ke, lapho amaHuguenot eqala ukushumayela imibono yawo, ngalokho aholela umphakathi ekuqhekekeni.
Okwesibili, ngenkathi amaHuguenot efika eParis yamaKatolika, acasula abantu bendawo ngengcebo yabo, kwazise izicukuthwane zazize emshadweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, iFrance yayinezikhathi ezinzima, ngakho-ke ukubona ukunethezeka kwezivakashi ezazifikile, abantu bathukuthela.
Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, amaHuguenot ahlukaniswa ngokungabekezelelani okufanayo nokwamaKhatholika. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uCalvin ngokwakhe ubashise ephindelela abaphikisi bakhe esigxotsheni. Zombili izinhlangothi zisolana ngokusiza uDeveli.
Lapho umphakathi wawubuswa amaHuguenot, amaKatolika ayexoshwa kaninginingi. Ngasikhathi sinye, babhidliza futhi babamba inkunzi amasonto, futhi beshaya futhi babulala abapristi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke imindeni yamaProthestani yabuthana ekubulaweni kwabantu abangamaKatolika, njengeholide.
AmaHuguenot ahleka usulu izindawo ezingcwele zamaKatolika. Isibonelo, baphihliza izithombe zeNcasakazi Engcwele noma babathela ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokungcola. Kwesinye isikhathi isimo sasinyuka kangangokuthi uCalvin kwakudingeka ehlise abalandeli bakhe.
Mhlawumbe isigameko esibi kunazo zonke senzeka eNîmes ngo-1567. AmaProthestani abulala abapristi bamaKatolika abacishe babe yikhulu ngosuku olulodwa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho baphonsa izidumbu zabo emgodini. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi abaseParis babezwile ngesihluku samaHuguenot, ngakho-ke isenzo sabo kuSt. Bartholomew's Night siyaqondakala futhi siyachazeka.
Okungaqondakali, kepha uqobo uBusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew abuzange bunqume lutho, kepha kubhebhethekisa ubutha futhi kwaba nomthelela empini elandelayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kamuva kwaba nezinye izimpi eziningana phakathi kwamaHuguenot namaKatolika.
Ngesikhathi sokugcina ukubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo phakathi nenkathi ka-1584-1589, bonke abazenzisi abakhulu esihlalweni sobukhosi bafa ezandleni zababulali, ngaphandle kukaHuguenot Henry waseNavarre. Uvele wangena embusweni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kulokhu wavuma okwesibili ukuguqukela ebuKatolikeni.
Impi yamaqembu ama-2, eyakhiwe njengengxabano yenkolo, yaphela ngokunqoba kwamaBourbons. Izisulu ezingamashumi ezinkulungwane ngokunqoba komndeni owodwa phezu kwesinye ... Noma kunjalo, ngo-1598 uHenry IV wakhipha i-Edict of Nantes, eyayinikeza amaHuguenot amalungelo alinganayo namaKatolika.
Isithombe sobusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew
