UThomas Aquinas

UThomas Aquinas (ngaphandle kwalokho UThomas Aquinas, UThomas Aquinas; 1225-1274) - Isazi sefilosofi sase-Italiya kanye nesazi semfundiso yenkolo, senziwa abe ngcwele yiSonto LamaKatolika. I-Systematizer ye-orthodox scholasticism, uthisha weSonto, umsunguli weThomism nelungu le-oda laseDominican.

Kusukela ngo-1879, uthathwa njengesazi sefilosofi senkolo yamaKatolika esinegunya elikhulu okwazile ukuxhumanisa imfundiso yobuKrestu (ikakhulukazi imibono ka-Augustine the Blessed) nefilosofi ka-Aristotle. Kwakheka ubufakazi obudumile obu-5 bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaThomas Aquinas, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ye-Aquinas.

Umlando kaThomas Aquinas

UThomas Aquinas wazalwa cishe ngo-1225 edolobheni lase-Italy i-Aquino. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ka-Count Landolphe Aquinas nomkakhe uTheodora, ababevela ebukhosini baseNeapolitan abacebile. Ngaphezu kukaThomas, abazali bakhe babenezinye izingane eziyisithupha.

Inhloko yomndeni yayifuna uThomas abe induna esigodlweni sezindela saseBenedictine. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, abazali bakhe bamthumela esigodlweni sezindela, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka engaba ngu-9.

Lapho u-Aquinas eneminyaka engaba ngu-14 ubudala, wangena eNyuvesi yaseNaples. Yilapha lapho aqala khona ukuxhumana eduze namaDominican, ngenxa yalokho wanquma ukujoyina i-oda leDominican. Kodwa-ke, lapho abazali bakhe bethola ngalokhu, bamenqabela ukukwenza.

Lezi zelamani zaze zafaka uThomas enqabeni iminyaka emi-2 ukuze "abuyele ezingqondweni zakhe." Ngokwenye inguqulo, abazalwane bazama ukumlinga ngokuletha kuye isifebe ukuze aphule isifungo sokungashadi ngosizo lwakhe.

Ngenxa yalokho, u-Aquinas kuthiwa wayezivikela kuye ngogodo olushisayo, ekwazi ukugcina ubumsulwa bokuziphatha. Lesi sehlakalo esivela ku-biography yomcabango sivezwe kumdwebo kaVelazquez Isilingo sikaSt.Thomas Aquinas.

Kukhishwe, le nsizwa nokho yathatha izifungo zezindela zeDominican Order, ngemuva kwalokho yaya e-University of Paris. Lapha wafunda nesazi sefilosofi esidumile nesazi semfundiso yenkolo u-Albert the Great.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le ndoda yakwazi ukugcina isifungo sokungashadi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zayo, ngenxa yalokho ayizange ibe nezingane. UThomas wayeyindoda ezinikele kakhulu enentshisekelo kwezemfundo, ifilosofi yangenkathi ephakathi eyinhlanganisela yemfundiso yenkolo yamaKatolika kanye nomqondo ka-Aristotle.

Ngo-1248-1250 U-Aquinas wafunda e-University of Cologne, lapho alandela khona umeluleki wakhe. Ngenxa yokukhuluphala ngokweqile nokuzithoba, abanye abafundi bahlekisa ngoThomas nge "Sicilian bull". Kodwa-ke, ephendula ukuhlekwa usulu, u-Albertus Magnus wake wathi: "Umbiza ngenkunzi eyisimungulu, kodwa imibono yakhe ngelinye ilanga iyobhonga kakhulu ize iyenze isithulu izwe."

Ngo-1252 indela yabuyela esigodlweni sezindela saseDominican iSt.James eParis, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 yaphathiswa ukufundisa imfundiso yenkolo e-University of Paris. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke lapho abhala khona imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala: "On the essence and existence", "On the values ​​of nature" and "Commentary on the" Maxims "".

Ngo-1259, uPapa Urban IV wabizela uThomas Aquinas eRoma. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela wafundisa imfundiso yenkolo e-Italy, eqhubeka nokubhala imisebenzi emisha.

Indela yajabulela ukuvelela okukhulu, maqondana nokusebenza kwayo isikhathi eside njengomeluleki ezindabeni zenkolo emkhosini kapapa. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-1260, wabuyela eParis. Ngo-1272, ngemuva kokushiya isikhundla sokuba ngumphathi we-University of Paris, uThomas wahlala eNaples, lapho ashumayeza khona abantu abavamile.

Ngokomlando othile, ngo-1273 u-Aquinas wathola umbono - ekupheleni kwesisa sasekuseni wayecabanga ukuthi wezwa izwi likaJesu Kristu: "Ungichaze kahle, ufuna muphi umvuzo ngomsebenzi wakho?" Kulokhu lo mcabangi waphendula: "Akukho lutho ngaphandle kwakho, Nkosi."

Ngalesi sikhathi, impilo kaThomas yayishiya ifiseleka kakhulu. Wayebuthaka kangangoba kwadingeka ukuthi ayeke ukufundisa nokubhala.

Ifilosofi nemibono

UThomas Aquinas akazange azibize ngesazi sefilosofi, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuphazamisa ukuqonda iqiniso. Wabiza ifilosofi ngokuthi "incekukazi yezenkolo." Kodwa-ke, wayethonywe kakhulu yimibono ka-Aristotle kanye ne-Neoplatonists.

Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, u-Aquinas wabhala imisebenzi eminingi yefilosofi neyenkolo. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi eminingi yezinkondlo yokukhulekelwa, ukuphawula ngezincwadi eziningana zeBhayibheli kanye nemibhalo ephathelene ne-alchemy. Wabhala imisebenzi emikhulu emi-2 - "iSum of Theology" kanye ne "Sum against the Abezizwe".

Kule misebenzi, iFoma yakwazi ukumboza izihloko ezahlukahlukene. Ukuthatha njengesisekelo amazinga amane olwazi lweqiniso lika-Aristotle - isipiliyoni, ubuciko, ulwazi nokuhlakanipha, wazakhela elakhe.

U-Aquinas wabhala ukuthi ukuhlakanipha ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu, okuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, wakhomba izinhlobo ezi-3 zokuhlakanipha: umusa, ezenkolo (ukholo) kanye ne-metaphysical (isizathu). Njengo-Aristotle, wachaza umphefumulo njengento ehlukile ethi ngemva kokufa inyukele kuNkulunkulu.

Kodwa-ke, ukuze umphefumulo womuntu uhlangane noMdali, kufanele aphile impilo elungile. Umuntu uyazi umhlaba ngesizathu, ngokuqonda nangokwengqondo. Ngosizo lowokuqala, umuntu angacabanga futhi afinyelele eziphethweni, okwesibili kuvumela umuntu ukuthi ahlaziye izithombe zangaphandle zezinto, kanti okwesithathu kumele ubuqotho bezinto ezingokomoya zomuntu.

Ukuqaphela kwehlukanisa abantu ezilwaneni nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda umgomo waphezulu, kufanele kusetshenziswe amathuluzi ama-3 - isizathu, isambulo kanye nokuqonda. KuSums of Theology, wethule ubufakazi obu-5 bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu:

1. Ukunyakaza. Ukuhamba kwazo zonke izinto e-Universe kwake kwabangelwa wukuhamba kwezinye izinto, nokwabanye. Isizathu sokuqala sokunyakaza nguNkulunkulu.
2. Amandla okukhiqiza. Ubufakazi buyafana nobangaphambilini futhi busikisela ukuthi uMdali uyimbangela eyinhloko yakho konke okwenziwayo.
3. Isidingo. Noma iyiphi into isho ukusetshenziswa okusemandleni nokwangempela, ngenkathi zonke izinto zingenakuba namandla. Kudingeka isici ukwenza lula ukuguqulwa kwezinto zisuke kokungaba namandla ziye esimweni sangempela lapho into idingeka khona. Lesi sici nguNkulunkulu.
4. Izinga lokuba. Abantu baqhathanisa izinto nezenzeko nento ephelele. Ophakeme uchazwa ngalokhu okuphelele.
5. Isizathu esiqondisiwe. Umsebenzi wezidalwa eziphilayo kufanele ube nencazelo, okusho ukuthi kudingeka isici esinikeza incazelo kukho konke emhlabeni - uNkulunkulu.

Ngaphezu kwenkolo, uThomas Aquinas wazinaka kakhulu ezepolitiki nezomthetho. Ubize ubukhosi ngohlobo lukahulumeni oluhamba phambili. Umbusi wasemhlabeni, njengeNkosi, kufanele anakekele inhlalakahle yezikhonzi zakhe, aphathe wonke umuntu ngokulingana.

Ngasikhathi sinye, inkosi akufanele ikhohlwe ukuthi kufanele ithobele abefundisi, okungukuthi, izwi likaNkulunkulu. U-Aquinas waba ngowokuqala ukwehlukanisa - ingqikithi nobukhona. Kamuva, lesi sigaba sizoba isisekelo sobuKatolika.

Ngamaqiniso, umcabangi wayeqonde "umbono omsulwa", okungukuthi, incazelo yesenzeko noma into. Iqiniso lokuba khona kwento noma into yinto efakazela ubukhona bayo. Ukuze noma yini ibe khona, ukwamukelwa nguSomandla kuyadingeka.

Imibono ka-Aquinas yaholela ekuveleni kobuThomism, umkhuba ohamba phambili emcabangweni wamaKatolika. Kukusiza ukuthi uthole ukholo ngokusebenzisa ingqondo yakho.

Ukufa

UThomas Aquinas ushone ngoMashi 7, 1274 esigodlweni sezindela saseFossanova esendleleni eya esontweni lombhishobhi eLyon. Endleleni eya esontweni elikhulu, wagula kakhulu. Amakholi ambheka izinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ahluleka ukumsindisa.

Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-49 ubudala. Ehlobo lika-1323, uPapa John XXII wagcoba uThomas Aquinas.

Isithombe sikaThomas Aquinas

Bukela ividiyo: St Thomas Aquinas In Our Time (Novemba 2024).