Ubhiya putschobeye aziwe njengo I-putch kaHitler noma ukukhishwa kombuso kukaHitler noLudendorff - umzamo wokuzama ukukhishwa kombuso ngamaNazi oholwa ngu-Adolf Hitler ngoNovemba 8 no-9, 1923 eMunich. Empini phakathi kwamaNazi namaphoyisa enkabeni yedolobha, kwabulawa amaNazi ayi-16 namaphoyisa amane.
Lokhu kuketulwa kwaletha ukunaka kwabantu baseJalimane kuHitler, owagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Izihloko ezisematheni zokuqala emaphephandabeni emhlabeni wonke zazinikezelwe kuye.
UHitler watholakala enecala lokuvukela umbuso futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Sengiphetha (eLandsberg) wabizela labo ayeboshwe nabo ingxenye yencwadi yakhe ethi "Ukulwa Kwami".
Ekupheleni kuka-1924, ngemuva kokuchitha izinyanga eziyi-9 ejele, uHitler wakhululwa. Ukwehluleka kombuso kwamqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu angangena emandleni kuphela ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomthetho, esebenzisa zonke izindlela ze-propaganda.
Imibandela ye-putch
NgoJanuwari 1923, iJalimane yacwila enkingeni enkulu kunazo zonke eyabangelwa iFrance. Isivumelwano SaseVersailles sango-1919 sabeka iJalimane izibopho zokukhokha inkokhelo emazweni anqobile. IFrance yenqabile ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuyekethisa, icela amaJalimane ukuthi akhokhe izizumbulu zemali.
Uma kwenzeka kubambezeleka ukukhokha, amasosha aseFrance angena ephindelela emazweni aseJalimane angahlali muntu. Ngo-1922, amazwe anqobile avuma ukwamukela izimpahla (insimbi, insimbi, izingodo, njll.) Esikhundleni semali. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, amaFrance asola iGerman ngokubambezela izinto ngamabomu, ngemuva kwalokho bathumela amasosha esifundeni saseRuhr.
Le micimbi kanye neminye yathukuthelisa amaJalimane, kanti uhulumeni unxusa abantu bakubo ukuthi bakwamukele okwakwenzeka futhi baqhubeke nokukhokhela. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni izwe ligubuzelwe isiteleka esikhulu.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, amaJalimane ayehlasela abahlali, ngenxa yalokho ayevame ukwenza imisebenzi yokujezisa. Ngokushesha iziphathimandla zaseBavaria, ezimelwe umholi wayo uGustav von Kara, zenqaba ukulalela iBerlin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benqabile ukubopha abaholi abathathu abadumile bezinhlangano ezihlomile kanye nokuvala iphephandaba le-NSDAP iVölkischer Beobachter.
Ngenxa yalokho, amaNazi akha ubuhlobo nohulumeni waseBavaria. EBerlin, lokhu kwahunyushwa njengesiphithiphithi samasosha, ngenxa yalokho amavukelambuso, kubandakanya uHitler nabasekeli bakhe, baxwayiswa ngokuthi noma yikuphi ukumelana kwakuzocindezelwa ngenkani.
UHitler unxuse abaholi baseBavaria - Kara, Lossov naseSeiser, ukuba bamashe eBerlin, ngaphandle kokubalinda ukuthi baye eMunich. Noma kunjalo, lo mbono wenqatshelwe ngokuqinile. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Adolf Hitler wanquma ukwenza ngokuzimela. Wayehlele ukuthatha u-von Kara athunjwe futhi amphoqe ukuba asekele lo mkhankaso.
Ubhiya putsch uqala
Ngobusuku bukaNovemba 8, 1923, uKar, uLossow noSeiser bafika eMunich bezokwenzela abaseBavaria ehholo likabhiya iBürgerbräukeller. Babalelwa ku-3000 abantu abeza ukuzolalela abaholi.
Ngenkathi uKar eqala inkulumo yakhe, izindiza ezingaba ngu-600 zaseSA zazungeza ihholo, zafaka izibhamu emgwaqweni zazikhomba eminyango engaphambili. Ngalesi sikhathi, uHitler ngokwakhe ubemi emnyango ephakamise inkomishi kabhiya.
Ngokushesha, u-Adolf Hitler wagijimela enkabeni yehholo, wagibela phezu kwetafula wadubula ophahleni wathi: "Inguquko kazwelonke isiqalile!" Izethameli ezazibuthene zazingaqondi ukuthi ziziphathe kanjani, ziqonda ukuthi zazizungezwe ngamakhulu abantu abahlomile.
UHitler wamemezela ukuthi bonke ohulumeni baseJalimane, kuhlanganise nowaseBavaria, basusiwe esikhundleni. Ubuye wengeza ukuthi iReichswehr namaphoyisa asevele ajoyine amaNazi. Izikhulumi ezintathu zabe sezivalele kwelinye lamagumbi, lapho kwafika khona umNazi omkhulu kamuva.
Ngenkathi uKar, uLossow noSeiser bethola ukuthi uHitler wayecele ukusekelwa nguGeneral Ludendorff, iqhawe leMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918), baba sohlangothini lweNational Socialists. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathe bakulungele ukuxhasa umqondo wemashi eya eBerlin.
Ngenxa yalokho, u-von Kar waqokwa njengomphathi weBavaria, noLudendorff - umphathi-omkhulu webutho laseJalimane (Reichswehr). Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi u-Adolf uqobo wazibiza ngokuthi uyishansela wasebukhosini. Ekugcineni kwenzeka lokho, uKar washicilela isimemezelo, lapho aziphinda khona zonke izithembiso ezashiwo "ngesibhamu."
Ubuye wayala ukuthi kuhlakazwe i-NSDAP kanye namathimba okuhlaselwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindiza ezihlaselayo zasezivele sezingene ekomkhulu lamabutho aphansi eMnyangweni Wezempi, kepha ebusuku baphikiswa yibutho elijwayelekile, elalihlala lithembekile kuhulumeni okhona.
Kulesi simo, uLudendorff uphakamise ukuthi uHitler angene enkabeni yedolobha, enethemba lokuthi igunya lakhe lizosiza ukuheha amasosha nabaphathi bezomthetho ohlangothini lwamaNazi.
Mashi eMunich
Ekuseni ngoNovemba 9, amaNazi ayehlangene aqonda esigcawini esiphakathi saseMunich. Bafuna ukususa ukuvinjezelwa enkonzweni futhi bakuthathe ngaphansi kolawulo lwabo. Phambi kodwendwe bekukhona uHitler, uLudendorff noGoering.
Ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwama-putchists namaphoyisa kwenzeke esigcawini i-Odeonsplatz. Futhi yize inani lamaphoyisa lalingaphansi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20, babehlome kahle. U-Adolf Hitler wayala amaphoyisa ukuba azinikele, kodwa enqaba ukumlalela.
Kuqale ukudubulana okunegazi, lapho kwabulawa khona amaNazi ayi-16 namaphoyisa amane. Abaningi be-putchists, kufaka phakathi i-Goering, balimala ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
UHitler, kanye nabasekeli bakhe, bazamile ukubaleka, kwathi uLudendorff yena wasala emile esigcawini waboshwa. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, u-Rem wazinikela nabaphehli beziphepho.
Ubhiya putsch imiphumela
AbaseBavaria noma amasosha kabasisekanga i-putch, ngenxa yalokho eyayicindezelwe ngokuphelele. Esontweni elilandelayo bonke abaphathi bakhe baboshwa, ngaphandle kukaGoering noHess, ababalekela e-Austria.
Ababambe iqhaza odwendweni, kubalwa noHitler, baboshwa bathunyelwa ejele laseLandsberg. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amaNazi adonsa izigwebo zawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezipholile. Isibonelo, babengavunyelwe ukuhlangana etafuleni nokukhuluma ngezihloko zepolitiki.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi eboshwa, u-Adolf Hitler wabhala inqwaba yencwadi yakhe edumile, iMy Struggle. Lapho isiboshwa siba nguFuehrer waseJalimane, uzobiza iBeer Hall putsch - iNational Revolution, futhi uzomemezela ukuthi bonke abafela ukholo lwama-putchists abangu-16 ababulewe. Esikhathini 1933-1944. Amalungu e-NSDAP agubha usuku lokukhumbula i-putch minyaka yonke.
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