USaddam Hussein Abd al-Majid at-Tikriti (1937-2006) - Isikhulu sezombusazwe sase-Iraq kanye nosopolitiki, uMongameli wase-Iraq (1979-2003), uNdunankulu wase-Iraq (1979-1991 no-1994-2003).
UNobhala Jikelele weBaath Party, uSihlalo woMkhandlu Wokuguqula Umkhandlu kanye noMarshal. Waba yinhloko yokuqala yezwe ukubulawa ngekhulu lama-21.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaHussein, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaSaddam Hussein.
Umlando kaHussein
USaddam Hussein wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 28, 1937 edolobhaneni lase-Al-Auja. Wakhulela emndenini olula, ngisho nomndeni ompofu.
Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ubaba wakhe, uHussein Abd al-Majid, wanyamalala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaSaddam, ngokusho kwabanye, washona noma washiya umndeni. UMengameli wayenomfowabo omdala owashona esemncane ngenxa yomdlavuza.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho umama kaSaddam ekhulelwe yena, wayesesimweni sokucindezeleka okukhulu. Lona wesifazane uze wafuna ukukhipha isisu bese ezibulala. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe, isimo sempilo yakhe saba sibi kakhulu kangangokuba wayengafuni nokuyibona ingane.
Umalume ongumama wamsindisa ngokoqobo uSaddam ngokumyisa emndenini wakhe. Lapho owesilisa ebamba iqhaza ekuvukeleni umbuso kwamaBrithani, waboshwa waboshwa. Ngalesi sizathu, umfana kwakudingeka abuyiselwe kunina.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umfowabo kababa kaSaddam Hussein, u-Ibrahim al-Hasan, njengenjwayelo washada nonina. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mbhangqwana wawunabafana abathathu namantombazane amabili. Umndeni wawuhlupheka kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho izingane zazingondlekile njalo.
Ubaba ongayizali wayala indodana yakhe ayizalayo ukuba idle izilwane ezifuywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ibrahim ngezikhathi ezithile wayemshaya uSaddam futhi emgcona. Ubuntwana obulambile, ukuthukwa okungapheli kanye nonya kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu bukaHussein.
Noma kunjalo, le ngane yayinabangani abaningi, ngoba yayinobungani futhi ikwazi ukubazuzela abantu kuye. Kwake kwafika izihlobo zizobona ubaba wami ongangizali, okwakukhona naye umfana ocishe alingane noSaddam. Lapho eqala ukuziqhayisa ngokuthi usevele uyakwazi ukufunda nokubala, uHussein wagijimela ku-Ibrahim waqala ukumncenga ukuthi athunyelwe esikoleni.
Kodwa-ke, usingababa waphinda washaya indodana yokutholwa ebuzayo, ngenxa yalokho wanquma ukubaleka ekhaya. USaddam wabalekela eTikrit eyoqala isikole lapho. Ngenxa yalokho, waphinde waqala ukuhlala emndenini kamalume wakhe, owayesekhululiwe ngaleso sikhathi.
UHussein wazifunda ngentshiseko zonke iziyalo, kepha waziphatha kabi. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho efaka inyoka enoshevu esikhwameni sikathisha ongathandwa, axoshwe kuso esikhungweni semfundo.
Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15, kwenzeka inhlekelele enkulu ku-biography kaSaddam Hussein - kwafa ihhashi lakhe alithandayo. Lo mfana wezwa ubuhlungu obukhulu bengqondo kangangokuba ingalo yakhe yakhubazeka amasonto ambalwa. Kamuva, ngeseluleko sikamalume wakhe, wanquma ukungena esikoleni esiphakeme sezempi, kodwa akakwazanga ukuphasa izivivinyo.
Ekugcineni, uHussein waba ngumfundi wesikole i-al-Karh, okwakuyisizinda sobuzwe. Yilapha lapho athola khona imfundo yakhe yesibili.
Imisebenzi yephathi
Ukuqala kwemisebenzi yezepolitiki kaSaddam kuhlobene kakhulu nemfundo yakhe eqhubekayo. Waphumelela ngempumelelo eKhark College wabe esethola iziqu zakhe zobumeli e-Egypt. Ngo-1952, kwaqala inguquko kuleli, eholwa nguGamal Abdel Nasser.
KuHussein, uNasser, kamuva owaba nguMongameli waseGibhithe, wayeyisithixo sangempela. Maphakathi nawo-1950s, uSaddam wajoyina amavukelambuso ayefuna ukuketula inkosi uFaisal II, kepha le mpi yagcina yehlulekile. Emva kwalokho, lo mfana wajoyina iqembu likaBaath futhi ngo-1958 inkosi yayisaketulwa.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, uSaddam waboshwa esolwa ngokubulala izikhulu ezivelele. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingaba yisithupha, wadedelwa, ngoba abaphenyi abakwazanga ukufakazela ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kula macala.
Ngokushesha uHussein wabamba iqhaza emkhankasweni okhethekile wokulwa noGeneral Qasem. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe e-University of Cairo, wazibonakalisa njengoba sezombusazwe asebenzayo, mayelana lapho wathola ukuthandwa okuthile emphakathini.
Ngo-1963, iqembu leBaath lahlula umbuso waseQasem. Ngenxa yalokhu, uSaddam wakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya ngaphandle kokwesaba ukushushiswa uhulumeni.
E-Iraq waphathiswa indawo eCentral Peasant Bureau. Ngokushesha wabona ukuthi amalungu eqembu lakhe ayekwenza kabi kakhulu imisebenzi ababelwe yona.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uHussein wayengesabi ukugxeka abantu ababenomqondo ofanayo emihlanganweni. Kamuva, amaBaathist asuswa emandleni, ngenxa yalesi sizathu anquma ukuzitholela iqembu lakhe. Umbutho omusha wezepolitiki wenze umzamo wokuthatha amandla eBaghdad, kepha imizamo yabo ayiphumelelanga.
USaddam waboshwa waboshwa. Kamuva wakwazi ukubaleka, ngemuva kwalokho wabuyela kwezepolitiki. Ekwindla ka-1966 wakhethwa njengePhini likaNobhala-Jikelele weBaath Party. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wenza imisebenzi ehlobene nobuhlakani nobuqili.
Ngo-1968 kwahlelwa umbuso omusha e-Iraq, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, uHussein waba yiPhini likaMongameli wezwe. Ukuba ngomunye wosopolitiki abanethonya elikhulu, wayiguqula ngokuphelele inkonzo eyimfihlo. Bonke, ngandlela thile, ababephikisana nohulumeni okhona babejeziswa kanzima.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngesiphakamiso sikaSaddam emajele, iziboshwa zahlukunyezwa: zisebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi, zaphuphuthekiswa, zasebenzisa i-asidi, zenziwa udlame lwezocansi, njll. Njengomuntu wesibili ezweni, usopolitiki wanaka kakhulu lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo:
- ukuqinisa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle;
- ukufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane kanye neningi labantu;
- ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha ozimele;
- usizo kosomabhizinisi;
- ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zemfundo, ezokwelapha, nezokuphatha, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinsizakusebenza.
Ngenxa yemizamo yephini likamongameli, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okusebenzayo kwaqala kuhulumeni. Abantu babenombono omuhle ngomsebenzi kaHussein, ngenxa yalokho bamkhombisa inhlonipho nokwesekwa.
UMongameli wase-Iraq
Ngo-1976, uSaddam wasusa bonke abaphikisi beqembu ngokwakha ibutho elilungele ukulwa futhi wacela ukwesekwa kwamasosha. Ngalesi sizathu, ayikho inkinga ebucayi eyaxazululwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.
Ngo-1979 umongameli wase-Iraq wasula esikhundleni, kwangena uSaddam Hussein esikhundleni sakhe. Kusukela ezinsukwini zakhe zokuqala ukubusa, wenza konke okusemandleni ukwenza i-Iraq izwe elichumayo lidlale indima ebalulekile ezingeni lomhlaba.
Ukuze kwenziwe uguquko olunzulu kuhulumeni, imali eningi yayidingeka, etholakala ngokuhweba ngamafutha. UMongameli usayine izivumelwano namazwe ahlukahlukene, eqala ukubambisana okunezithelo nawo. Konke bekuhamba kahle kakhulu kuze kube ngumzuzu lapho enquma ukuqala izimpi ne-Iran.
Izingxabano zempi zazibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke umnotho wase-Iraq waqala ukwehla ngokushesha. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yempi, umbuso unesikweletu esikhulu sangaphandle - $ 80 billion! Ngenxa yalokhu, umbuso wabhekana nokushoda kokudla namanzi. Izakhamizi eziningi zaphoqeleka ukuba zishiye izwe ziyofuna impilo engcono.
Ngo-1990, i-Iraq yasola iKuwait ngokulwa impi yezomnotho nayo nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela ngokungemthetho endaweni yayo. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni ibutho likaHussein lihlasele futhi lithathe iKuwait. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba usigxekile isenzo sikaSaddam.
I-United States, kanye namabutho ahlangene, yakhulula i-Kuwait, yabuyisa inkululeko yayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inkolo kaSaddam Hussein yachuma e-Iraq. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, yazibonakalisa kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- kuzo zonke izikhungo zombuso kwakukhona izikhumbuzo kuHussein;
- kwabezindaba base-Iraq, ubelokhu evezwa njengobaba nomsindisi wesizwe;
- izingane zesikole kwakufanele zidumise umongameli ngokumculela ama-odes namaculo;
- Imigwaqo eminingi nemizi yaqanjwa ngegama lakhe;
- Izindondo zase-Iraq, imali engamaphepha kanye nezinhlamvu zemali kwaveza isithombe sikaSaddam;
- zonke izikhulu zaphoqeleka ukuthi zazi ngokuphelele i-biography kaHussein, njll.
Isikhathi sokubusa kukaSaddam Hussein sithathwa ngabantu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Abanye bambheka njengombusi omkhulu, kanti abanye bangundlovukayiphikiswa onegazi.
Ukuhlasela kwe-US
Ngo-2003, iMelika yakha umfelandawonye nabaholi bomhlaba ukuze kususwe uHussein emandleni. Kwahlelwa umsebenzi wezempi, owaqala ngo-2003 kuya ku-2011. Izizathu zalezi zenzo yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukubandakanyeka kwe-Iraq kubushokobezi bamazwe omhlaba;
- ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali;
- ukulawula izinsiza zikawoyela.
USaddam Hussein kudingeke abaleke ayocasha njalo emahoreni amathathu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Bakwazile ukumbamba ngo-2004 eTikrit. Ubekwe amacala amaningi afaka phakathi: izindlela ezilwa nabantu zikahulumeni, ubugebengu bezempi, ukubulawa kwamaShiites ayi-148, njll.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala wobushiqela kwakungumzala wakhe ogama lakhe linguSajida. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunamantombazane amathathu nabafana ababili. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi le nyunyana ihlelwe ngabazali bomshado lapho uSaddam eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala. Impilo yazo zonke izingane yayinosizi - ukubulawa.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uHussein wathandana nonkosikazi womnikazi wendiza. Wanikela ngomyeni wentombazane ukuthi ahlukanise nomkakhe ngokuthula, nangempela kwenzeka.
Ngo-1990, umongameli wehla ephaseji okwesithathu. Unkosikazi wakhe kwakunguNidal al-Hamdani, kodwa-ke, wehluleka nokusindisa iziko lomndeni. Ngo-2002, uSaddam okwesine ushada nendodakazi kongqongqoshe ogama lakhe lingu-Iman Huweish.
Amahlebezi athi indoda yayijwayele ukubakhohlisa abafazi bayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, labo besifazane ababemenqabele ukusondelana babecindezelwa noma babulawa. Ngaphezu kwamantombazane, uHussein wayenentshisekelo yokugqoka imfashini, ukuhamba ngezikebhe, izimoto ezibizayo kanye nezithabathaba zikanokusho.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka yokubusa kwakhe, lo sopolitiki wakha izigodlo nezindawo zokuhlala ezingaphezu kuka-80. Kodwa-ke, ngokwemithombo yama-Arabhu, babephindwe kabili. Esabela impilo yakhe, akazange alale kabili endaweni efanayo.
USaddam Hussein uzibiza ngeSunni Islam: wayethandaza amahlandla ama-5 ngosuku, alandele yonke imiyalo futhi avakashele umsikiti ngoLwesihlanu. Esikhathini 1997-2000. wanikela ngamalitha egazi angama-28, ayedingeka ukubhala ikhophi yeKoran.
Ukufa
Ngo-2006, uHussein wagwetshwa intambo ngokulengiswa. Uyiswe etafuleni, lapho ethuke khona futhi wakhafulelwa ngonogada bamaShiite. Ekuqaleni, wazama ukubeka izaba, kodwa wathula waqala wathandaza.
Iziqeshana zevidiyo zokubulawa kwakhe zisabalale emhlabeni wonke. USaddam Hussein walengiswa ngoDisemba 30, 2006. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-69 ubudala.
Izithombe zikaHussein
