UJan Hus

UJan Hus (nee UJan iz Gusinets; 1369-1415) - Umshumayeli waseCzech, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, umcabangi kanye nombono wezinguquko zeCzech. Iqhawe lesizwe labantu baseCzech.

Imfundiso yakhe yaba nethonya elinamandla ezifundazweni zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe, washiswa kanye nokusebenza kwakhe esigxotsheni, okwaholela ezimpini zamaHussite (1419-1434).

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaJan Hus, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaGus.

Umlando kaJan Hus

UJan Hus wazalwa ngo-1369 (ngokusho kweminye imithombo 1373-1375) edolobheni laseBohemian laseHusinets (uMbuso WaseRoma). Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ompofu ompofu.

Lapho uJan cishe eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, abazali bakhe bamthumela esigodlweni sezindela. Wayengumntwana othanda ukwazi, ngenxa yalokho wathola amamaki aphezulu kuzo zonke izifundo. Emva kwalokho, le nsizwa yaya ePrague ukuyoqhubeka nemfundo yayo.

Lapho efika kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu eBohemia, uHus wakwazi ukuphumelela ngempumelelo izivivinyo eNyuvesi yasePrague. Ngokusho kothisha, wayehlukaniswa ngokuziphatha okuhle kanye nesifiso sokuthola ulwazi olusha. Ngama-1390 okuqala, wathola i-BA yakhe kuTheology.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uJan Hus waba yingcweti kwezobuciko, okwamvumela ukuba afundise phambi komphakathi. Ngo-1400 waba ngumfundisi, futhi ngemva kwalokho waqala ukushumayela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waphathiswa isikhundla somphathi wezobuciko obukhululekile.

Ngo-1402-03 nango-1409-10, uHuss wakhethwa waba ngumphathi wePrague University yangakubo.

Umsebenzi wokushumayela

UJan Hus waqala ukushumayela eneminyaka engaba ngu-30. Ekuqaleni, wethule izinkulumo eSontweni LaseSt. Michael, wase eba ngumphathi nomshumayeli weBetelehema Chapel. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kufika kubantu abayi-3000 bezolalela umpristi!

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezintshumayelweni zakhe akagcinanga ngokukhuluma ngoNkulunkulu nezithembiso zakhe, kodwa futhi wagxeka nabamele abefundisi nabalimi abakhulu.

Ngasikhathi sinye, egxeka okwenziwa yisonto, wazibiza ngomlandeli walo, eveza izono zesonto futhi eveza imikhuba emibi yabantu.

Emuva maphakathi no-1380s, imisebenzi yesazi semfundiso yenkolo nesiNgisi uJohn Wycliffe yathola ukuthandwa eCzech Republic. Ngale ndlela, uWycliffe wayengumhumushi wokuqala weBhayibheli esiNgisini esiPhakathi. Kamuva, iSonto LamaKatolika lalizobiza imibhalo yakhe ngokuthi iyimbuka.

Ezintshumayelweni zakhe, uJan Hus waveza imibono eyayiphikisana nenqubomgomo yesigungu sikapapa. Ikakhulu, wagxeka futhi wafuna okulandelayo:

Akwamukelekile ukukhokhisa ukuphathwa kwezimiso nokuthengisa amahhovisi esonto. Kwanele ukuthi umfundisi akhokhise imali encane evela kubantu abacebile ukuze azinikeze okudingeka kakhulu.
Awukwazi ukuthobela isonto ngokungaboni, kepha, kunalokho, umuntu ngamunye kufanele acabange ngezinkolelo ezahlukahlukene, asebenzise iseluleko esivela eTestamenteni Elisha: "Uma impumputhe ihola impumputhe, khona-ke bobabili bazowela emgodini."
Igunya elingagcini imiyalo kaNkulunkulu akufanele laziwe nguye.
Abantu kuphela abangaba nempahla. Umuntu ocebile ongenabulungisa uyisela.
Noma imuphi umKristu kufanele afune iqiniso, noma engcupheni yenhlalakahle, ukuthula nempilo.

Ukuze adlulisele imibono yakhe kuzethameli ngangokunokwenzeka, uHuss wayala ukuba kupendwe izindonga zethempeli laseBethlehem ngezithombe ezinezihloko ezifundisayo. Waphinde waqamba izingoma eziningana ezaduma ngokushesha.

UJan uphinde waguqula uhlelo lolimi lwaseCzech, enza ukuthi izincwadi ziqondakale nakubantu abangafundile. Kwakunguye owayengumbhali womqondo wokuthi umsindo ngamunye wenkulumo wawuqokelwe incwadi ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wethula izimpawu zobhalo (lezo ezibhalwe ngezinhlamvu).

Ngo-1409, kwaba nezingxoxo ezishubile e-University of Prague mayelana nezimfundiso zikaWycliffe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMbhishobhi Omkhulu wasePrague, njengoHus, wayisekela imibono yenguquko yamaNgisi. Ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano, uYang waveza obala ukuthi eziningi zezimfundiso ezazethulwe kuWycliffe zazimane zingaqondakali.

Ukuphikisana okukhulu nabefundisi kwaphoqa umbhishobhi omkhulu ukuba ahoxise ukwesekwa kwakhe kuHus. Ngokushesha, ngomyalo wamaKatolika, abanye babangane bakaJan baboshwa futhi basolwa ngokuhlubuka, okwathi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi, banquma ukulahla imibono yabo.

Ngemuva kwalokhu, u-antipope u-Alexander V wakhipha inkunzi kuHuss, okwaholela ekuvinjelweni kwezintshumayelo zakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, yonke imisebenzi kaJan esolisayo yacekelwa phansi. Nokho, iziphathimandla zendawo zabonisa ukumeseka.

Naphezu kwakho konke ukucindezelwa, uJan Hus wajabulela isithunzi esikhulu kubantu abavamile. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngenkathi enqatshelwa ukufunda izintshumayelo ezindlini zangasese, wenqaba ukulalela, enxusa uJesu Kristu uqobo.

Ngo-1411, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu wasePrague Zbinek Zajic wabiza uHus ngokuthi uyisihlubuki. Ngenkathi iNkosi uWenceslas IV, owayethembekile kumshumayeli, ethola ngalokhu, wabiza amagama kaZayits ngokunyundela futhi wayala ukuba baphucwe impahla yalabo befundisi abasabalalisa lokhu "kunyundela".

UJan Hus wakugxeka kanzima ukudayiswa kwezono, ngokuthenga okusolwa ukuthi umuntu wayezikhulula ezonweni zakhe. Uphinde waphikisana neqiniso lokuthi abamele abefundisi baphakamisela abaphikisi babo inkemba.

Isonto laqala ukushushisa uHus ngisho nangokwengeziwe, okuyisizathu esaphoqa ukuba abalekele eSouth Bohemia, lapho izikhulu zendawo zingayilaleli imiyalo kapapa.

Lapha uqhubeke nokusola nokugxeka iziphathimandla zezenkolo nezezwe. Le ndoda yanxusa ukuthi iBhayibheli kube yilo eligunyaza kakhulu abefundisi nemikhandlu yamasonto.

Ukulahlwa kanye nokubulawa

Ngo-1414, uJan Hus wabizelwa eCathedral of Constance, ngenhloso yokumisa iGreat Western Schism, eyaholela kuTrinity-Papacy. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inkosi yaseJalimane uSigismund waseLuxembourg waqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphelele kweCzech.

Kodwa-ke, lapho uJan efika eConstance futhi ethola incwadi yokuvikelwa, kwavela ukuthi inkosi yayimnikeze incwadi ejwayelekile yokuhamba. UPapa namalungu omkhandlu bamsola ngokuhlubuka nokuhlela ukuxoshwa kwamaJalimane eNyuvesi yasePrague.

Ngemuva kwalokho uGus waboshwa wafakwa kwelinye lamagumbi enqaba. Abasekeli balo mshumayeli olahlwe yicala basola uMkhandlu ngokwephula umthetho nesifungo sasebukhosini sokuphepha kukaJan, upapa waphendula wathi yena ngokwakhe akathembisanga lutho kumuntu. Futhi ngenkathi bekhumbuza uSigismund ngalokhu, akazange asivikele isiboshwa.

Maphakathi no-1415, izikhulu zaseMoravia, amaSeimas aseBohemia naseMoravia, kwathi kamuva izikhulu zaseCzech nasePoland zathumela isicelo kuSigismund sifuna uJan Hus akhululwe, anelungelo lokukhuluma eMkhandlwini.

Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi yahlela ukulalelwa kwecala likaHus ethempelini elikhulu, elathatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezine. UJan wagwetshwa intambo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho uSigismund kanye nababhishobhi abakhulu banxenxa uHus kaninginingi ukuba alahle imibono yakhe, kodwa benqaba.

Ekupheleni kwecala, abalahliwe baphinde badlulisela icala kuJesu. NgoJulayi 6, 1415, uJan Hus washiswa esigxotsheni. Kunenganekwane yokuthi lesi salukazi, ngenxa yezinhloso ezingcwele, satshala izinkuni emlilweni waso, kuthiwa sababaza sathi: "Hawu, ukungcola okungcwele!"

Ukushona komshumayeli waseCzech kwaholela ekusungulweni nasekuqinisweni kwenhlangano yamaHussite eCzech Republic futhi kwaba ngesinye sezizathu zokugqashuka kwezimpi zamaHussite, phakathi kwabalandeli bakhe (amaHussites) namaKhatholika. Kusukela namuhla, iSonto LamaKatolika alizange limvuselele uHus.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uJan Hus uyiqhawe lesizwe ezweni lakhe. Ngo-1918, kwasungulwa iSonto LaseCzechoslovak Hussite, manje elinamakholwa angaba ngu-100 000.