UMartin Luther (1483-1546) - Isazi semfundiso yenkolo esingumKristu, umqalisi weNguquko, umhumushi oholayo weBhayibheli olisa eJalimane. Enye yezinkomba zobuProthestani, ubuLuthela, iqanjwe ngaye. Omunye wabasunguli bolimi lwemibhalo lwesiJalimane.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaMartin Luther, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaLuther.
Umlando kaMartin Luther
UMartin Luther wazalwa ngoNovemba 10, 1483 edolobheni laseSaxon e-Eisleben. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wabantu abampofu kaHans noMarguerite Luther. Ekuqaleni, inhloko yomndeni wasebenza ezimayini zethusi, kodwa kamuva waba burgher ocebile.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uMartin cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, wahlala nomndeni wakhe eMansfeld. Kwakukuleli dolobha elisentabeni lapho uLuther Sr. wasithuthukisa kakhulu isimo sakhe sezezimali.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-7, uMartin waqala ukuya esikoleni sendawo, lapho ayehlala ehlukunyezwa futhi ejeziswa ngothisha. Uhlelo lwezemfundo esikhungweni semfundo lashiya lukhulu kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho umguquli wesikhathi esizayo wakwazi ukuqonda kuphela ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala, futhi wafunda nemikhuleko embalwa.
Lapho uLuther eneminyaka eyi-14, waqala ukufunda esikoleni samaFranciscan eMagdeburg. Eminyakeni emi-4 kamuva, abazali bagcizelela ukuthi indodana yabo iye eyunivesithi e-Erfurt. Ngo-1505, wathola iziqu zeMasters kuLiberal Arts, ngemuva kwalokho waqala ukufundela ezomthetho.
Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, uMartin wakhombisa ukuyithanda kakhulu imfundiso yenkolo. Ucwaninge ngemibhalo ehlukahlukene yezenkolo, kuhlanganisa naleyo yobaba besonto abahlonishwayo. Ngemuva kokuhlola iBhayibheli, le nsizwa yaba injabulo engachazeki. Akufunde kule ncwadi kuguqule umbono wakhe wezwe wabhekisa phezulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho eneminyaka engu-22, uMartin Luther wangena esigodlweni sezindela sika-Augustinian, naphezu kokubhikisha kukayise. Esinye sezizathu zalesi senzo kwaba ukufa okungazelelwe komngane wakhe omkhulu, kanye nokuqaphela ukuba kwakhe nesono.
Impilo esigodlweni sezindela
Esigodlweni sezindela, uLuther wakhonza abefundisi abaphezulu, walimaza iwashi embhoshongweni, washanela igceke, wenza neminye imisebenzi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi izindela zazimthumela edolobheni ukuyocela izipho. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi le nsizwa ilahlekelwe umuzwa wokuziqhenya nokuzidla.
UMartin akazange alinge ukungalaleli abeluleki bakhe, cishe ngokufeza yonke imiyalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayemaphakathi ngokwedlulele ekudleni, okokwembatha nokuphumula. Cishe ngemuva konyaka, wathola idina lezindela, kwathi ngemuva konyaka wagcotshwa waba ngumfundisi, waba ngumfowethu u-Augustine.
Ngo-1508, uLuther wathunyelwa ukuyofundisa e-University of Wittenberg, lapho afunda khona ngentshiseko imisebenzi kaSt Augustine. Ngasikhathi sinye, waqhubeka nokufunda kanzima, ephupha ngokuba ngudokotela wezifundo zenkolo. Ukuze ayiqonde kangcono imiBhalo, wanquma ukufunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Lapho uMartin cishe eneminyaka engama-28 ubudala, wavakashela eRoma. Lolu hambo luthonye umlando wakhe owengeziwe. Wabona ngamehlo akhe konke ukungcola kwabefundisi bamaKhatholika, abazitika ngezono ezahlukahlukene.
Ngo-1512 uLuther waba udokotela wezenkolo. Ufundise, washumayela futhi wakhonza njengomnakekeli ezindlini zezindela eziyi-11.
Izinguquko
UMartin Luther walifunda ngokucophelela iBhayibheli, kepha wayehlala ezibheka enesono futhi ebuthakathaka maqondana noNkulunkulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uthole ukuqonda okwehlukile kwezinye zezincwadi zeTestamente Elisha ezibhalwe nguPaul.
Kwacaca kuLuther ukuthi umuntu angakuthola ukulunga ngokukholwa okuqinile kuNkulunkulu. Lo mcabango wamkhuthaza futhi wasiza ukuqeda okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini. Umbono wokuthi ikholwa lithola ukulungisiswa ngokukholwa emseni woPhezukonke, uMartin waqala esikhathini se-biography yakhe ngo-1515-1519.
Lapho uPapa Leo X ekhipha inkunzi yokuxolelwa nokuthengisa intethelelo ekwindla ka-1517, isazi semfundiso yenkolo sathukuthela kakhulu. Wayeligxeka ngokweqile iqhaza lesonto ekusindisweni komphefumulo, njengoba kukhombisa ama-95 Theses Against the Trade in Indulgences akhe adumile angama-95.
Izindaba zokubonakala kwezincazelo zasakazeka ezweni lonke. Ngenxa yalokho, uPapa wabiza uMartin ukuba azomubuza imibuzo - impikiswano yaseLeipzig. Lapha uLuther uphinde wathi abefundisi abanalo ilungelo lokugxambukela ezindabeni zikahulumeni. Futhi, isonto akufanele lisebenze njengomlamuleli phakathi komuntu noNkulunkulu.
“Umuntu usindisa umphefumulo wakhe hhayi ngeSonto, kodwa ngokholo,” kubhala isazi semfundiso yenkolo. Ngasikhathi sinye, waveza ukungabaza ngokungaphumeleli kwabefundisi bamaKhatholika, okuvusa ulaka lukapapa. Ngenxa yalokho, uLuther wayeqalekisiwe.
Ngo-1520 uMartin ushisa obala inkunzi kapapa yokuxoshwa kwakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, unxusa bonke abantu bakithi ukuba balwe nokubusa kobupapa.
Njengomunye wabahlubuki abadume kakhulu, uLuther waqala ukubhekana noshushiso olunzima. Kodwa-ke, abalandeli bakhe bamsiza ukuba abaleke ngokwenza ukuthunjwa kwakhe. Empeleni, le ndoda yabekwa ngasese eWartburg Castle, lapho yaqala khona ukuhumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwesiJalimane.
Ngo-1529, ubuProthestani bukaMartin Luther banda kakhulu emphakathini, buthathwa njengomunye wemigudu yobuKatolika. Futhi-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, lo mkhuba wehlukana waba ngamaLuthela nobuCalvinism.
UJohn Calvin wayengumshisekeli omkhulu wesibili wezinguquko ngemuva kukaLuther, owayenombono oyinhloko wokunquma isiphetho somuntu nguMdali. Okungukuthi, ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili okungenamibandela kwabanye ekubhujisweni, kanti abanye ekusindisweni.
Umbono ngamaJuda
Isimo sikaMartin ngamaJuda sishintshile impilo yakhe yonke. Ekuqaleni wayekhululekile, wayemelene namaSemite, waze waba umbhali wencwadi ethi "UJesu Kristu wazalwa engumJuda." Wayenethemba lokugcina ukuthi amaJuda, esezwile izintshumayelo zakhe, azokwazi ukubhapathizwa.
Kodwa-ke, lapho uLuther ebona ukuthi lokho ayekulindele kwakuyize, waqala wakubheka kabi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, washicilela izincwadi ezinjengethi "On the Jews and Their Lies" nethi "Table Talks", lapho agxeka khona amaJuda.
Ngasikhathi sinye, umvuseleli afuna kubhujiswe amasinagoge. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izikhalazo ezinjalo zikaMartin zavusa uzwelo phakathi kukaHitler nabasekeli bakhe, njengoba, njengoba sazi, babenengeka kakhulu ngamaJuda. Ngisho neKristallnacht eyayidume kabi, amaNazi abiza umkhosi wokuzalwa kukaLuther.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1525, indoda eneminyaka engu-42 ubudala yashada nowayeyindela eyayibizwa ngokuthi uKatharina von Bora. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wayemdala ngeminyaka engu-16 kukhethwe wakhe. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisithupha.
Lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala esigodlweni sezindela sase-Augustinian esasishiyiwe. Bebephila impilo ethobekile, benelisekile ngalokho abanakho. Iminyango yendlu yabo yayihlala ivulelwe abantu abadinga usizo.
Ukufa
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, uLuther wanikela ngesikhathi sokufunda nokubhala kwezintshumayelo. Ngenxa yokushoda kwesikhathi, wayehlala akhohlwe ngokudla nokulala, okwakugcina kuzenze zazwakala.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umvuseleli wahlushwa izifo ezingalapheki. UMartin Luther washona ngoFebhuwari 18, 1546 eneminyaka engama-62. Wangcwatshwa egcekeni lesonto lapho ayeke wabethela khona iziphakamiso ezidumile ezingama-95.
Isithombe nguMartin Luther
