UBenjamin Franklin

UBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790) - Usopolitiki waseMelika, usomaqhinga, usosayensi, umqambi, umbhali, intatheli, umshicileli, i-freemason. Omunye wabaholi bempi yenkululeko yaseMelika. Kuboniswe kwisikweletu esingu- $ 100.

Ubaba ongumsunguli kuphela owasayina yonke imibhalo yomlando ebaluleke kakhulu eyayiqinisa ukwakheka kwe-United States njengombuso ozimele: Isimemezelo Sokuzimela sase-United States, Umthethosisekelo wase-United States kanye neSivumelwano SaseVersailles sango-1783 (ISivumelwano Sokuthula Sesibili saseParis), esaqeda ngokusemthethweni impi yokuzibusa kwamakholoni ayi-13 aseBrithani aseNyakatho Melika. kusuka e-UK.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaFranklin, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaBenjamin Franklin.

UFranklin Benjamin biography

UBenjamin Franklin wazalwa ngoJanuwari 17, 1706 eBoston. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini omkhulu, enguthunjana ezinganeni eziyi-17.

Uyise, uJosiah Franklin, wenza amakhandlela nensipho, futhi umama wakhe, u-Abia Folger, wakhulisa izingane futhi waphatha ikhaya.

Ubuntwana nentsha

UFranklin Sr. wasuka eBrithani waya eMelika nomndeni wakhe ngo-1662. WayengumPuritan, ngakho wayesaba ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo ezweni lakubo.

Lapho uBenjamin eneminyaka engaba ngu-8 ubudala, waya esikoleni, lapho ayengafunda khona iminyaka emi-2 kuphela. Lokhu kwakudalwa ukuthi ubaba wayengasakwazi ukukhokhela izifundo zendodana yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo wayezibandakanya ekuzifundiseni.

Emini, ingane yasiza uyise ekwenzeni insipho, kwathi kusihlwa yayihlala phezu kwezincwadi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi waboleka izincwadi kubangani, ngoba abakwaFranklins babengenayo imali yokuzithenga.

UBenjamin akazange akhombise intshiseko enkulu yokusebenza kanzima, okwacasula inhloko yomndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengenaso isifiso sokuba ngumfundisi, njengoba uyise ayefuna. Lapho eneminyaka eyi-12, waqala ukusebenza njengomfundi endlini yokuphrinta yomfowabo uJames.

Ukuphrinta kwaba ngumsebenzi ophambili kaBenjamin Franklin iminyaka eminingi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-biographies, wazama ukubhala ama-ballads, elinye lawo elanyatheliswa ngumfowabo. Lapho uFranklin Sr. ethola ngalokhu, akazange akuthande, ngoba emehlweni akhe izimbongi zazinamandla.

UBenjamin wayefuna ukuba yintatheli ngokushesha nje lapho uJames eqala ukushicilela leli phephandaba. Kodwa-ke, wayeqonda ukuthi lokhu kuzomthukuthelisa kakhulu uyise. Ngenxa yalokho, le nsizwa yaqala ukubhala izindatshana nezindatshana ngohlobo lwezinhlamvu, lapho yalahla khona ngobuciko imikhuba yomphakathi.

Ezincwadini uFranklin wasebenzisa ukubhuqa, ehlekisa ngemikhuba emibi yabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, washicilelwa ngaphansi kwegama lomgunyathi, efihla abafundi igama lakhe langempela. Kepha lapho uJames ethola ukuthi ngubani umbhali walezi zincwadi, wavele wamxosha umfowabo.

Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uBenjamin wabalekela ePhiladelphia, lapho athola khona umsebenzi kwenye yezindlu zokuphrinta zendawo. Lapho wazibonakalisa njengongoti onekhono. Ngokushesha wathunyelwa eLondon eyothenga imishini futhi avule indlu yokuphrinta ePhiladelphia.

Le nsizwa yayithanda umshini waseNgilandi kangangokuthi ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yasungula eyayo indlu yokuphrinta. Ngenxa yalokhu, wakwazi ukuthola imali engenayo futhi waba ngumuntu ozimele ngokwezimali. Ngenxa yalokhu, uFranklin wakwazi ukugxila kwezombusazwe nakwezesayensi.

Ezombusazwe

Umlando wezepolitiki kaBenjamin waqala ePhiladelphia. Ngo-1728, wavula iqembu lezingxoxo, okwathi eminyakeni eyi-15 kamuva laba yi-American Philosophical Society.

Ngesikhathi sokuphila kuka-1737-753. UFranklin ubambe isikhundla sokuba ngumphathi weposi wasePennsylvania, futhi kusukela ngo-1753 kuya ku-1774 - isikhundla esifanayo kuwo wonke amakoloni aseSt. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasungula i-University of Pennsylvania (1740), eyayiyunivesithi yokuqala e-United States.

Kusukela ngo-1757, uBenjamin Franklin cishe iminyaka engu-13 wayemele izintshisekelo zezifunda ezi-4 zaseMelika eBrithani, kwathi ngo-1775 waba yisithunywa seNgqungquthela Yesibili YamaKoloni Ezwenikazi.

Ijoyina iqembu eliholwa nguThomas Jefferson, le ndoda yadweba ijazi lezingalo (Great Seal) laseMelika. Ngemuva kokusayina iSimemezelo Sokuzimela (1776), uFranklin wafika eFrance, efisa ukwakha umfelandawonye naye elwa neBrithani.

Ngenxa yemizamo yezombusazwe, cishe eminyakeni emibili kamuva inkontileka yasayinwa amaFrance. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi eFrance waba yilungu leNine Sisters Masonic Lodge. Ngakho-ke, wayenguFreemason wokuqala waseMelika.

Ngawo-1780, uBenjamin Franklin wahamba nethimba laseMelika ukuxoxisana eGreat Britain, lapho kwaqedwa khona iSivumelwano Esingumlando saseVersailles sango-1783, esaqeda ngokusemthethweni iMpi Yenkululeko yase-US.

Kusukela ngo-1771, uFranklin wabhala umlando wokuphila kwakhe, angakaze awuqede. Wayefuna ukumethula ngesimo sesikhumbuzo, echaza kuwo amaqiniso ahlukahlukene athakazelisayo avela empilweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi incwadi ethi "Autobiography" yashicilelwa ngemuva kokufa kwakhe.

Imibono kaBenjamin yezepolitiki yayisuselwa kumqondo wamalungelo abalulekile wanoma yimuphi umuntu - impilo, inkululeko nempahla.

Ngokombono wakhe wefilosofi, wayethambekele ekukhohlisweni - inkambiso yenkolo nefilosofi evuma ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu nokudalwa kwezwe nguye, kepha iphika iningi lezinto ezingaphezu kwemvelo, isambulo saphezulu kanye nenkolelo yenkolo.

Ngesikhathi seMelika Yempi Yezinguquko, uFranklin waba ngumbhali weColonial Union Plan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumeluleki womkhuzi wamasosha, uGeorge Washington. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi iWashington ingumongameli wokuqala waseMelika okhethwe ngokuthandwa ngabantu.

Ngo-1778 iFrance yaba yizwe lokuqala laseYurophu ukwamukela inkululeko yaseMelika.

Ubuntu bukaFranklin

UBenjamin Franklin wayengumuntu ongavamile ngokwedlulele, njengoba kungafakazelwa nje kuphela impumelelo yakhe, kodwa futhi nokubuyekezwa kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Njengompetha owayezibandakanya kwezombusazwe, nokho wanaka kakhulu ukuthuthuka kokuziphatha.

Wayenaso sonke isimiso semibono ngempilo nangezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Funda amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngohlelo lukaBenjamin Franklin lwansuku zonke kanye nohlelo lokuziphatha lapha.

Umlando kaFranklin ushicilelwa njengencwadi ehlukile, engathengwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo sezincwadi. Isibe yincwadi yakudala yalabo ababambe iqhaza ekuzithuthukiseni. Uma unesithakazelo kumuntu kaFranklin nendawo yakhe emlandweni, noma uma uthanda ukuzithuthukisa, sincoma ngokuqinile ukuthi ufunde le ncwadi enhle.

Ukuqanjwa kanye neSayensi

Noma esemncane, uBenjamin Franklin wakhombisa amakhono engqondo angajwayelekile. Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho efika olwandle, wabopha amapulangwe ezinyaweni zakhe, okwaba yisibonelo samaphiko. Ngenxa yalokho, umfana wabadlula bonke abafana emincintiswaneni yezingane.

Ngokushesha uFranklin waphinde wamangaza amaqabane akhe ngokwakha ikhayithi. Walala ngomhlane emanzini futhi, ebambelele entanjeni, waphuthuma emanzini, njengokungathi useyili.

Ekukhuleni kwakhe, uBenjamin waba ngumbhali wezinto eziningi ezitholakele nezinto ezintsha. Ake sibhale ezinye zezinto ezifinyelelwe ngusosayensi uFranklin:

wasungula induku yombani (induku yombani);
wethule ukuqokwa kwamazwe afakwe ugesi u - "+" no "-";
kufakazele isimo sikagesi sombani;
wadala bifocals;
wasungula isihlalo sokuzamazama, esethole ilungelo lobunikazi ngokwenziwa kwaso;
yakhela isitofu esihlanganayo sokonga izindlu zokushisa, ukushiya ilungelo lobunikazi - ukuze kuzuze bonke abantu bakithi;
kuqoqwe impahla enkulu emimoyeni yesiphepho.
ngokubamba iqhaza komsunguli, kwenziwa izilinganiso ngejubane, ububanzi nokujula kweGulf Stream. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-current ibizwa ngegama layo kuFranklin.

Lokhu kukude nakho konke okusungulwe nguBenjamin, okwazile ukuqashelwa emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene yesayensi.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Kwakunabesifazane abaningi ku-biography kaFranklin. Ngenxa yalokho, wahlela ukungena emshadweni osemthethweni nentombazane egama linguDeborah Reed. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nohambo oluya eLondon, waqala ubuhlobo nendodakazi yomnikazi wefulethi ayehlala kulo.

Ngenxa yalobu budlelwano, uBenjamin waba nendodana engekho emthethweni, uWilliam. Lapho usosayensi ebuyela ekhaya nomfana ongekho emthethweni, uDeborah wamxolela futhi wathatha ingane. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayehlala engumfelokazi wotshani, eshiywe ngumyeni wakhe ebalekela izikweletu.

Emshadweni womphakathi kaBenjamin Franklin noDeborah Reed, kwazalwa ezinye izingane ezimbili: intombazane uSara nomfana uFrancis, ababulawa yingxibongo besebancane. Lo mbhangqwana wawungajabuli ndawonye, yingakho baphila iminyaka eyi-2 kuphela.

Le ndoda yayinezintokazi eziningi. Maphakathi nawo-1750s, waqala ukuthandana noCatherine Ray, owabhalelana naye impilo yakhe yonke. Ubudlelwano nomnikazi wendlu, lapho uBenjamin ayehlala khona nomndeni wakhe, kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana.

Lapho uFranklin eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala, wathandana nowesifazane waseFrance oneminyaka engama-30 uBrillon de Jouy, owayenguthando lwakhe lokugcina.

Ukufa

UBenjamin Franklin ushone ngo-Ephreli 17, 1790 eneminyaka engama-84. Cishe abantu abangama-20 000 beza ukuzovalelisa kosopolitiki nososayensi omkhulu, ngenkathi abantu bedolobha bengaba yizakhamizi ezingaba ngu-33,000. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, isikhathi sokulila esiyizinyanga ezimbili samenyezelwa e-United States.