UFrancis Bacon

UFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) - Isazi sefilosofi esiNgisi, isazi-mlando, usopolitiki, ummeli, umsunguli wobumbano nokuthanda izinto zamaNgisi. Wayengumsekeli wendlela yesayensi enesisekelo kuphela futhi esekwe ebufakazini.

I-scholastics iphikisana nokuncishiswa kwe-dogmatic ngendlela eqhubayo esuselwa ekuhlaziyweni okunengqondo kwedatha yokuhlola.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaFrancis Bacon, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane yeBacon.

UFrancis Bacon biography

UFrancis Bacon wazalwa ngoJanuwari 22, 1561 eGreater London. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ocebile. Uyise, uSir Nicholas, wayengomunye wabahlonishwa kakhulu esifundazweni, futhi umama wakhe, u-Anna, wayeyindodakazi ka-Anthony Cook owayengumuntu olwela amalungelo abantu, owakhulisa iNkosi u-Edward wase-England nase-Ireland.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ukukhula kobuntu bukaFrancis kwakuthonywe kakhulu ngumama wakhe, owayenemfundo enhle kakhulu. Le ntokazi yayazi isiGreki, isiLatini, isiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane sasendulo, ngenxa yalokho yahumushela olimini lwesiNgisi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezenkolo.

U-Anna wayengumPuritan oshisekayo - umProthestani oyiNgisi owayengalihloniphi igunya lesonto elisemthethweni. Wayejwayelene kakhulu nabalandeli bakaCalvin ayehola nabo.

Emndenini wakwaBacon, zonke izingane zakhuthazwa ukuba zicwaninge ngokucophelela izimfundiso zenkolo futhi zinamathele ezinkambisweni zenkolo. UFrancis wayenamakhono amahle engqondo futhi omele ulwazi, kepha wayengaphilile kahle.

Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, wangena eKolishi LikaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele eCambridge, lapho afunda khona cishe iminyaka emithathu. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wayevame ukuba khona lapho kuxoxwa ngezihloko zepolitiki, ngoba izikhulu eziningi ezaziwayo zeza kuyise.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngemuva kokuphothula ekolishi, uBacon waqala ukukhuluma kabi ngefilosofi ka-Aristotle, ekholelwa ukuthi imibono yakhe yayilungile kuphela ezingxabanweni ezingabonakali, kepha ayilethi nzuzo empilweni yansuku zonke.

Ehlobo lika-1576, sibonga ukusekelwa nguyise, owayefuna ukulungiselela indodana yakhe ukuthi isebenzele umbuso, uFrancis wathunyelwa phesheya njengengxenye yenxusa lenxusa laseNgilandi eFrance, uSir Paulet. Lokhu kusize uBacon ukuthi athole ulwazi oluningi emkhakheni wezokuxhumana.

Ezombusazwe

Ngemuva kokushona kwenhloko yomndeni ngo-1579, uFrancis wabhekana nobunzima bezezimali. Ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe, wanquma ukuyofundela ubumeli esikoleni sabameli. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, lo mfana waba ngummeli, wabe eseyilungu lephalamende.

Kuze kube ngu-1614, uBacon ubambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni ngezikhathi zeNdlu Yeminyango, ekhombisa ukukhuluma kahle kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezithile wayelungisa izincwadi eziya kuNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth 1, lapho azama khona ukubonisana ngokufanele ngesimo esithile sezepolitiki.

Eminyakeni engama-30, uFrancis uba ngumeluleki wentandokazi yeNdlovukazi, u-Earl wase-Essex. Wazibonakalisa engumuntu othanda izwe lakhe ngokweqiniso ngoba ngesikhathi ngo-1601 u-Essex efuna ukwenza i-coup d'etat, uBacon, engummeli, wamsola ngokuvukela umbuso enkantolo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo sopolitiki waqala ukugxeka ngokwengeziwe isenzo sika-Elizabeth 1, yingakho wayephoxa indlovukazi futhi engathembeli ekukhushulweni. Konke kwashintsha ngo-1603, lapho uJacob 1 Stewart eqala ukubusa.

INkosi entsha iyincomile inkonzo kaFrancis Bacon. Umhloniphe ngobuciko nangeziqu zikaBaron waseVerulam kanye neViscount yaseSt Albans.

Ngo-1621, uBacon wabanjwa ethatha izifumbathiso. Akaphikanga ukuthi abantu, amacala abo abewenza ezinkantolo, bavame ukumupha izipho. Kodwa-ke, uthe lokhu akuphazamisi nakancane ukuqhutshwa kwenqubo. Noma kunjalo, isazi sefilosofi saphucwa konke okuthunyelwe futhi sanqatshelwa nokuvela enkantolo.

Ifilosofi nokufundisa

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokubhala kaFrancis Bacon uthathwa ngokuthi "Ukuhlolwa, noma iziyalo zokuziphatha nezepolitiki." Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kumthathe iminyaka engama-28 ukubhala lo msebenzi!

Kuwo, umbhali wazindla ngezinkinga eziningi nezimfanelo ezitholakala kumuntu. Ikakhulu, waveza imibono yakhe ngothando, ubungani, ubulungiswa, impilo yomndeni, njll.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yize uBacon wayengummeli onethalente futhi engusopolitiki, ifilosofi nesayensi kwakuyizinto ayezithanda kakhulu empilweni yakhe yonke. Wayekugxeka ukuncishiswa kuka-Aristotelian, okwakudume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Esikhundleni salokho, uFrancis waphakamisa indlela entsha yokucabanga. Ekhomba isimo esibuhlungu sesayensi, wathi kuze kube yilolo suku konke okutholwe yisayensi kwenziwa ngengozi, hhayi ngokwendlela. Kungaba nokunye okutholakele okuningi uma ososayensi besebenzisa indlela efanele.

Ngendlela, iBacon yayisho indlela, eyibiza ngokuthi izindlela ezisemqoka zocwaningo. Ngisho nendoda ekhubazekile ehamba emgwaqeni izomfica umuntu ophilile ebalekela umgwaqo.

Ulwazi lwesayensi kufanele lususelwe ekungenisweni - inqubo yokuqonda okunengqondo okususelwa ekuguqulweni kusuka endaweni ethile kuya kokujwayelekile, nokuzama - inqubo eyenziwe ukweseka, ukuphikisa noma ukuqinisekisa umbono.

Ukungeniswa kuthola ulwazi oluvela ezweni elizungezile ngokuhlola, ukubuka nokuqinisekisa imfundiso, hhayi kusuka encazelweni, ngokwesibonelo, yemisebenzi efanayo ka-Aristotle.

Ngomzamo wokuthuthukisa "ukwenziwa kweqiniso", uFrancis Bacon akafunanga amaqiniso wokuxhasa isiphetho kuphela, kodwa namaqiniso okukuphikisa. Ngakho-ke, wakhombisa ukuthi ulwazi lweqiniso lutholakala kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa.

Isikhundla sefilosofi esinjalo sibizwa ngokuthi yi-empiricism, ukhokho wayo, empeleni, okwakuyiBacon. Futhi, isazi sefilosofi sakhuluma ngezingqinamba ezingama endleleni yolwazi. Ukhombe amaqembu ama-4 wamaphutha wabantu (izithombe):

Uhlobo 1 - izithombe zomndeni (amaphutha enziwa ngumuntu ngenxa yokungapheleli kwakhe).
Uhlobo lwesi-2 - izithombe zomhume (amaphutha avela ekubandlululeni).
Uhlobo lwesi-3 - izithombe zesikwele (amaphutha azalwe ngenxa yokungalungile ekusetshenzisweni kolimi).
Uhlobo lwesi-4 - izithombe zemidlalo yaseshashalazini (amaphutha enziwe ngenxa yokunamathela okuyimpumputhe kuziphathimandla, amasistimu noma amasiko asunguliwe).

Ukutholakala kukaFrancis kwendlela entsha yolwazi kwamenza waba ngomunye wabamele abakhulu besayensi yezikhathi zanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uhlelo lwakhe lokuqonda okukhohlisayo lwenqatshwa abamele isayensi yokuhlola.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uBacon ungumbhali wemibhalo eminingi yezenkolo. Emisebenzini yakhe, waxoxa ngezindaba ezahlukahlukene zenkolo, egxeka kakhulu izinkolelo-ze, amabika nokuphika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Uthe "ifilosofi ekha phezulu yenza ingqondo yomuntu ingakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, kanti ukujula kwefilosofi kuphendulela ingqondo yomuntu enkolweni."

Impilo yomuntu siqu

UFrancis Bacon wayeshade eneminyaka engama-45. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi okhethiweyo wakhe, u-Alice Burnham, wayeneminyaka eyi-14 ubudala ngesikhathi somshado. Le ntombazane kwakuyindodakazi yomfelokazi womdala waseLondon uBenedict Bairnham.

Laba bantu abasanda kushada babhalisa ngokomthetho ubudlelwano babo entwasahlobo ka-1606. Kodwa-ke, azikho izingane ezizalwe kule nyunyana.

Ukufa

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umcabangi wayehlala efeni lakhe, ezibandakanya kuphela kwimisebenzi yesayensi nokubhala. UFrancis Bacon ushone ngo-Ephreli 9, 1626 eneminyaka engama-65.

Ukufa kukasosayensi kwenzeka ngenxa yengozi engenangqondo. Njengoba ephenyisise ngokungathi sína izenzakalo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, le ndoda yanquma ukwenza olunye ucwaningo. Wayefuna ukuhlola ukuthi amakhaza anciphisa kanjani ukubola.

Lapho esethenge isidumbu senkukhu, uBacon wasingcwaba eqhweni. Ngemuva kokuchitha isikhathi esithile ebusika ebusika, wabanjwa umkhuhlane omkhulu. Lesi sifo sakhula ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuthi usosayensi washona ngosuku lwesi-5 ngemuva kokuqala kocwaningo lwakhe.