UJean-Jacques Rousseau

UJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Isazi sefilosofi saseFranco-Switzerland, umbhali kanye nomcabangi weNkanyiso. Omele bhá sentimentalism.

URousseau ubizwa njengomanduleli weNguquko yaseFrance. Ushumayele "ukubuyela esimweni semvelo" futhi wanxusa ukuthi kusungulwe ukulingana okuphelele kwezenhlalo.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaJean-Jacques Rousseau.

Umlando ka-Jean-Jacques Rousseau

UJean-Jacques Rousseau wazalwa ngoJuni 28, 1712 eGeneva. Umama wakhe, uSuzanne Bernard, ushone ebeletha, okwaholela ekutheni ubaba wakhe u-Isaac Russo abambe iqhaza ekukhuliseni isazi sefilosofi esizayo. Inhloko yomndeni isebenze njengomenzi wamawashi nowothisha wokudansa.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ingane ayithandayo u-Isaac kwakunguJean-Jacques, yingakho wayehlala echitha isikhathi sakhe esikhululekile naye. Ndawonye nendodana yakhe, ubaba wafunda inoveli yabefundisi kaHonoré d'Urfe "Astrea", eyayibhekwa njengesikhumbuzo esikhulu kakhulu sezincwadi zokunemba zekhulu le-17.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, babethanda ukufunda umlando wobuntu basendulo njengoba bethulwe uPlutarch. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngenkathi ezicabanga njengeqhawe lasendulo laseRoma uSsevola uJean-Jacques washisa isandla sakhe ngamabomu.

Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kuhlonyiwe owesilisa, uRusso Sr. waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke edolobheni. Ngenxa yalokho, umalume womama wakhulisa umfana.

Lapho uJean-Jacques eneminyaka engaba ngu-11 ubudala, wathunyelwa endlini yokuhlala yamaProthestani iLambercier, lapho ahlala khona unyaka owodwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, wafunda nommeli olungisa izivumelwano, wase efunda nomqophi. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uRusso wayezibandakanya kakhulu nokuzifundisa, efunda izincwadi nsuku zonke.

Lapho osemusha efunda ngisho nangezikhathi zokusebenza, wayevame ukuphathwa kabi ngaye. Ngokusho kukaJean-Jacques, lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi wafunda ukuzenzisa, ukuqamba amanga nokweba izinto ezahlukahlukene.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1728, uRousseau oneminyaka engu-16 unquma ukubaleka eGeneva. Ngokushesha wahlangana nompristi ongumKatolika owamkhuthaza ukuba aguqukele ebuKatolikeni. Wachitha cishe izinyanga ezine ngaphakathi kwezindonga zezindela, lapho kwaqeqeshwa khona amaproselithe.

Ngemuva kwalokho uJean-Jacques Rousseau waqala ukusebenza njenge-lackey emndenini wobukhosi, lapho aphathwa khona ngenhlonipho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana yokubala yamfundisa isiNtaliyane futhi yafunda naye izinkondlo zikaVirgil.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uRusso wazinza noNkk Varane oneminyaka engama-30, ambiza "ngomama" wakhe. Lo wesifazane wamfundisa ukubhala nokuziphatha kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamhlelela isikole sabefundisi, wabe esemnika ukuthi afunde ukudlala i-organ kumculi oyedwa.

Kamuva uJean-Jacques Rousseau wadabula iSwitzerland iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2, ehlangabezana nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wazulazula ngezinyawo futhi walala emgwaqweni, ejabulela ukuba yedwa nemvelo.

Ifilosofi Nezincwadi

Ngaphambi kokuba abe isazi sefilosofi, uRousseau wayenesikhathi sokusebenza njengonobhala nomfundisi wasekhaya. Ngaleyo minyaka yomlando wakhe, waqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuqala zokungahambi kahle - ukuhlukaniswa nabantu nokuzondwa kwabo.

Umfana wayekuthanda ukuvuka ekuseni ngovivi, esebenza engadini, futhi abuke izilwane, izinyoni nezinambuzane.

Ngokushesha uJean-Jacques waba nentshisekelo yokubhala, eshumayela imibono yakhe ngempilo. Emisebenzini efana neThe Social Contract, New Eloise ne-Emile, wafuna ukuchazela umfundi isizathu sokuba khona kokungalingani emphakathini.

URousseau ube ngowokuqala ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ikhona yini indlela yesivumelwano sokwenza umbuso. Uphinde waveza nokuthi imithetho kufanele ivikele izakhamizi kuhulumeni, ongenalungelo lokuzephula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphakamise ukuthi abantu ngokwabo bamukele izikweletu, ezizobenza bakwazi ukulawula ukusebenza kwezikhulu.

Imibono kaJean-Jacques Rousseau yaholela ezinguquko ezinkulu ohlelweni lombuso. Kwaqala ukubanjwa izinhlolokhono, kwehliswa imigomo yamandla ePhalamende, kwethulwa uhlelo lwabantu lokushaya imithetho, nokunye okuningi.

Omunye wemisebenzi eyisisekelo sefilosofi uthathwa njenge- "New Eloise". Umbhali uqobo wabiza le ncwadi ngokuthi ngumsebenzi omuhle kakhulu owenziwe ngohlobo lwe-epistolary. Lo msebenzi wawuqukethe izincwadi ezingu-163 futhi wamukelwa ngomdlandla eFrance. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho uJean-Jacques aqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ungubaba wezothando kwezothando ngefilosofi.

Ngesikhathi ehlala eFrance, wahlangana nabantu abadumile njengoPaul Holbach, uDenis Diderot, uJean d'Alembert, uGrimm nabanye osaziwayo.

Ngo-1749, ngesikhathi esejele, uRousseau wahlangabezana nomncintiswano owawuchazwe ephephandabeni. Indikimba yomncintiswano ibibukeka isondele kakhulu kuye futhi izwakale kanje: "Ngabe ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuciko kube nomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwesimilo noma, kunalokho, kube nomthelela ekuthuthukeni kwazo?"

Lokhu kwenze ukuthi uJean-Jacques abhale imisebenzi emisha. I-opera iThe Village Wizard (1753) yamlethela udumo olukhulu. Amagama nokujula komculo kwembule ngokugcwele umphefumulo wasemzaneni. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uLouis 15 ngokwakhe wahlekisa ngo-Coletta ovela kule opera.

Ngasikhathi sinye, uMthakathi waseMzaneni, njengezinkulumo, waletha izinkinga eziningi empilweni kaRousseau. UGrimm noHolbach bakhulume kabi ngomsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi. Bamsola ngentando yeningi yama-plebeian ekhona kule misebenzi.

Ababhali bama-biographer bafunda ngentshisekelo enkulu ukwakheka komlando kaJean-Jacques Rousseau - "Ukuvuma". Umbhali ukhulume ngokungagwegwesi ngamandla nobuthakathaka bobuntu bakhe, obuzuze umfundi.

Ukufundisa

UJean-Jacques Rousseau uphakamise isithombe somuntu wemvelo ongathonywa izimo zomphakathi. Uthe ukukhuliswa kuthinta kakhulu ukukhula kwengane. Wachaza kabanzi ngemibono yakhe yokufundisa encwadini ethi "Emil, or On Education".

Uhlelo lwezemfundo lwaleso sikhathi lwalugxekwa kaningi ngusolwazi. Ikakhulukazi, wakhuluma kabi ngeqiniso lokuthi isikhungo sokukhuliswa namasiko ukukholwa, hhayi intando yeningi.

URousseau wathi okokuqala kudingeka ukuthi kusizwe ingane ithuthukise amathalente ayo emvelo, ibheka lokhu njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwezemfundo. Uphinde wathi kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekufeni, umuntu uqhubeka ngokuveza izimfanelo ezintsha kuye futhi ashintshe umbono wakhe wezwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, umbuso udinga ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zemfundo ubhekele lokhu. UmKristu olungile nomuntu ogcina umthetho akuyona into umuntu ayidingayo. URousseau wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi kukhona abacindezelwe nabacindezeli, hhayi izwe lobaba noma izakhamizi.

UJean-Jacques ukhuthaze obaba nomama ukuthi bafundise izingane ukusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukuzihlonipha nokulwela ukuzimela. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele alandele ukuhola kwengane lapho iqala ukungabi namandla futhi iphikelela yodwa.

Intsha okufanele izizwe inesibopho sezenzo zayo nothando lomsebenzi ayifanelwe ukunakwa okuncane. Ngenxa yalokhu, bazokwazi ukuzondla ngokuzayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sasisho nokuthuthuka kwengqondo, ngokuziphatha nangokomzimba womuntu ngemfundo yezabasebenzi.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau weluleke ukufaka izimfanelo ezithile enganeni ehambelana nesigaba esithile sokukhula kwayo. Kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ubudala - ukukhula ngokomzimba, kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-12 - inkanuko, kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-15 - ubuhlakani, kusuka eminyakeni eyi-15 kuye kwe-18 - yokuziphatha.

Izinhloko zomndeni kwakudingeka zigcine ukubekezela nokubekezela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye hhayi "ukuphula" ingane, ukufaka kuye izindinganiso ezingalungile zomphakathi wanamuhla. Ukugcina impilo yezingane iqinile, kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi benze ijimu nokuzivocavoca.

Ebusheni, umuntu kufanele afunde ngomhlaba omzungezile ngosizo lwezinzwa, hhayi ngokufunda izincwadi. Ukufunda kunezinzuzo ezithile, kepha kule minyaka kuzoholela ekutheni umbhali aqale ukucabangela umuntu osemusha, hhayi yena.

Ngenxa yalokho, lowo muntu ngeke akwazi ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwakhe futhi uzoqala ukuthatha ukholo konke azokuzwa ngaphandle. Ukuze ingane ihlakaniphe, abazali noma abanakekeli kufanele bakhe ubuhlobo bokuthembana nayo. Uma bephumelela, umfana noma intombazane nabo bazofuna ukubuza imibuzo futhi babelane ngamava abo.

Phakathi kwezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu izingane okufanele zizifunde, uRousseau wakhetha: i-geography, i-biology, i-chemistry ne-physics. Ngesikhathi soguquko, umuntu uzwela kakhulu ngokomzwelo futhi uzwela, ngakho-ke abazali akufanele bakweqe ngokweqile ngokuziphatha, kepha balwele ukufaka izindinganiso zokuziphatha kwentsha.

Lapho umfana noma intombazane ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20, kufanele yethulwe kwimithwalo yemfanelo yezenhlalo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lesi sigaba besingadingeki emantombazaneni. Izibopho zomphakathi zenzelwe ikakhulukazi amadoda.

Kwezokufundisa, imibono kaJean-Jacques Rousseau yaphenduka inguquko, okwaholela ekutheni uhulumeni ayithathe njengengozi emphakathini. Kuyafisa ukwazi ukuthi umsebenzi "u-Emil, noma On Education" ushisiwe, kwathi umbhali wawo wayalelwa ukuba aboshwe.

Ngenxa yokuqondana okujabulisayo, uRousseau wakwazi ukubalekela eSwitzerland. Kodwa-ke, imibono yakhe yaba nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lokufundisa lwangaleso sikhathi.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Unkosikazi kaJean-Jacques kwakunguTeresa Levasseur, owayeyinceku ehhotela laseParis. Wayevela emndenini wabantu abampofu futhi, ngokungafani nomyeni wakhe, wayengafani nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile nobuhlakani. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wayengakwazi ngisho nokusho ukuthi kwakuyisikhathi sini.

URousseau waveza obala ukuthi akazange amthande uTeresa, emshade kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20 yokuphila komshado.

Ngokusho kwalo mlisa, ubenezingane ezinhlanu, zonke ezathunyelwa ekhaya lezintandane. UJean-Jacques wakuthethelela lokhu ngokuthi wayengenayo imali yokondla izingane, ngenxa yalokho ababezomvumela ukuthi asebenze ngokuthula.

URousseau uphinde wengeza ukuthi ukhetha ukwenza inzalo yabalimi, kunokuba afune ukuzijabulisa, naye uqobo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi awekho amaqiniso ukuthi wayenabo ngempela abantwana.

Ukufa

UJean-Jacques Rousseau ushone ngoJulayi 2, 1778 eneminyaka engama-66 ezweni elihlala eChateau d'Hermenonville. Umngani wakhe osondelene naye, uMarquis de Girardin, waletha lapha ngo-1777, owayefuna ukuthuthukisa impilo yalowo ocabangayo.

Ngenxa yakhe, ama-marquis aze ahlela ikhonsathi esiqhingini esisesiqiwini. URusso wayithanda kakhulu le ndawo waze wacela umngani wakhe ukuthi amngcwabe lapha.

Ngesikhathi seFrance Revolution, izinsalela zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau zadluliselwa ePantheon. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20, abashisekeli ababili bashontsha umlotha wakhe bawuphonsa emgodini we-lime.