U-Alexey Leonov

U-Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (1934-2019) - Umshayeli wezindiza waseSoviet-cosmonaut, umuntu wokuqala emlandweni ukuya emkhathini, umculi. Kabili iHero leSoviet Union noMajor General Wezindiza. Ilungu loMkhandlu Ophakeme weqembu lase-United Russia (2002-2019).

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Alexei Leonov, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane ka-Alexei Leonov.

I-biography ka-Alexei Leonov

U-Alexey Leonov wazalwa ngoMeyi 30, 1934 edolobhaneni laseListvyanka (iWest Siberian Territory). Uyise, u-Arkhip Alekseevich, wake wasebenza ezimayini zaseDonbass, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wathola ubungcweti kudokotela wezilwane nowezilwane. Umama, u-Evdokia Minaevna, wasebenza njengomfundisi. U-Alexey wayengumntwana wesishiyagalombili wabazali bakhe.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ubuntwana be-astronaut yesikhathi esizayo abunakubizwa ngokuthokoza. Ngenkathi eseneminyaka emi-3 ubudala, ubaba wakhe wacindezelwa kanzima futhi wahlonishwa "njengesitha sabantu."

Umndeni omkhulu waxoshwa ekhaya lawo, ngemuva kwalokho omakhelwane bavunyelwa ukuba baphange impahla yakhe. USr Leonov wakhonza iminyaka emibili ekamu. Uboshwe ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala noma ngophenyo ngokushayisana nosihlalo wepulazi elihlangene.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho u-Arkhip Alekseevich ededelwa ngo-1939, ngokushesha wavuselelwa, kodwa yena namalungu omndeni wakhe base bevele balimala kakhulu ngokokuziphatha nangokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Lapho u-Arkhip Leonov esejele, umkakhe nezingane bahlala eKemerovo, lapho kwakuhlala khona izihlobo zabo. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi abantu abangu-11 babehlala egumbini lama-m² ayi-16!

Ngemuva kokukhululwa kukayise, amaLeonovs aqala ukuphila ngokulula. Umndeni wanikezwa amanye amagumbi ama-2 enkanjini. Ngo-1947 umndeni wathuthela eKaliningrad, lapho u-Arkhip Alekseevich athenjiswa khona umsebenzi omusha.

Lapho, u-Alex waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe esikoleni, aziphothula ngo-1953 - unyaka wokufa kukaJoseph Stalin. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesezikhombisile njengomculi onethalente, ngenxa yalokho waklama amaphephandaba odonga nezingqwembe.

Ngesikhathi esengumfana wesikole, uLeonov wafunda amadivayisi wezinjini zezindiza, futhi wafunda nomqondo wendiza. Lolu lwazi waluthola ngenxa yamanothi omfowabo omdala, owayefundela ukuba nguchwepheshe wezindiza.

Ngemuva kokuthola lesi sitifiketi, u-Alexey wahlela ukuba ngumfundi eRiga Academy of Arts. Kodwa-ke, kwadingeka awuyeke lo mbono, ngoba abazali bakhe babengenakukwazi ukunikela ngokuphila kwakhe eRiga.

Ama-cosmonautics

Engakwazi ukuthola imfundo yobuciko, uLeonov wangena eMilitary Aviation School eKremenchug, ayiphothula ngo-1955. Wabe esefunda e-Chuguev Aviation School of Pilots eminye iminyaka engu-2, lapho akwazi khona ukuba ngumshayeli webhanoyi lokuqala.

Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, u-Alexei Leonov waba yilungu le-CPSU. Kusukela ngo-1959 kuya ku-1960 wakhonza eJalimane, ezinhlwini zamasosha aseSoviet.

Ngaleso sikhathi, lo mfana wahlangana nenhloko yeCosmonaut Training Centre (CPC), uColonel Karpov. Ngokushesha wahlangana no-Yuri Gagarin, owaqala ubuhlobo obufudumele kakhulu naye.

Ngo-1960, Leonov wabhaliswa iqembu lokuqala cosmonauts Soviet. Yena, kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza, baziqeqesha kanzima nsuku zonke, bezama ukuthola ifomu elihle kakhulu.

Eminyakeni engu-4 kamuva, ihhovisi lokuklama, elaliholwa nguKorolev, laqala ukwakha umkhumbi-mkhathi oyingqayizivele "iVoskhod-2". Lo mshini bekufanele uvumele osomkhathi ukuthi bangene emkhathini. Kamuva, abaphathi bakhetha ukhetho oluhamba phambili lwendiza ezayo, okwaba ngu-Alexey Lenov noPavel Belyaev.

Indiza eyingqophamlando kanye nomkhumbi-mkhathi wokuqala owenziwa ngomkhumbi kwenzeka ngoMashi 18, 1965. Lo mcimbi wawubhekwe ngeso lokhozi ngumhlaba wonke, kubandakanya ne-United States.

Ngemuva kwalokhu kundiza, uLeonov wayengomunye wosomkhathi ababeqeqeshelwe ukuhambela inyanga, kepha le phrojekthi ayizange isetshenziswe ubuholi be-USSR. Ukuphuma okulandelayo kuka-Alexey esikhaleni esingenamoya kwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngesikhathi kudume umkhumbi odumile weSoviet Soyuz 19 mkhathi kanye neAmerican Apollo 21.

Umkhathi wokuqala

Ukunakwa okuhlukile ku-biography kaLeonov kufanelwe indlela yakhe yokuqala yasemkhathini, okungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona.

Iqiniso ngukuthi le ndoda bekufanele iphumele ngaphandle komkhumbi nge-airlock ekhethekile, kuyilapho umlingani wayo, uPavel Belyaev, kufanele aqaphe isimo ngamakhamera evidiyo.

Isikhathi esiphelele sokuphuma kokuqala kube yimizuzu engama-23 imizuzwana engama-41 (okuyimizuzu eyi-12 kuyimizuzwana eyi-9 ngaphandle komkhumbi). Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa esikhaleni sesikhala sikaLeonov, izinga lokushisa lakhuphuka kakhulu kangangokuba waba ne-tachycardia, futhi izithukuthuku zehla ngokoqobo ebunzini lakhe.

Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bangempela babuphambi kuka-Alexei. Ngenxa yokwehluka kwengcindezi, i-spacesuit yakhe yavuvukala kakhulu, okwaholela ekunyakazeni okulinganiselwe nokwanda kosayizi. Ngenxa yalokho, usomkhathi akakwazanga ukuphindisela emuva esivikelweni somoya.

ULeonov waphoqeleka ukuthi anciphise ingcindezi ukuze anciphise ivolumu yesudi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izandla zakhe zazimatasa ngekhamera nangezintambo zokuphepha, okwadala ukuphazamiseka okuningi futhi kwakudinga ukuqina komzimba okuhle.

Lapho ekwazile ukungena ngokuyisimangaliso esivikelweni somoya, enye inkinga yayimlindile. Lapho ukuvalwa komoya kunqanyuliwe, umkhumbi wawucindezelekile.

Osomkhathi bakwazi ukuqeda le nkinga ngokunikeza umoya-mpilo, okwaholela ekutheni la madoda agcwale ngokweqile.

Kubonakala sengathi ngemuva kwalokho isimo sasizothuthuka, kepha lokhu kwakungekude nazo zonke izivivinyo ezehlela abashayeli bezindiza baseSoviet.

Kwakuhlelwe ukuthi umkhumbi uqale ukwehla ngemuva kwenguquko ye-16 emhlabeni, kepha uhlelo aluzange lusebenze kahle. UPavel Belyaev kwadingeka azilawule mathupha. Ukwazile ukuqeda ngemizuzwana engama-22 kuphela, kodwa ngisho nalesi sikhathi esasibukeka sincane sasanele ukuthi umkhumbi wehle amakhilomitha angama-75 ukusuka endaweni ekhethiwe yokufika.

Ama-cosmonauts afike cishe ku-200 km ukusuka ePerm, ku-taiga eminyene, okwakunzima kakhulu ukufuna kwabo. Ngemuva kwamahora amane wokuba seqhweni, emakhazeni, uLeonov noBelyaev batholakala ekugcineni.

Abashayeli bezindiza basizwa ukuba bafike esakhiweni esiseduze esigaxeni. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kuphela kamuva bakwazi ukulethwa eMoscow, lapho hhayi kuphela iSoviet Union kuphela, kodwa umhlaba wonke wawubalindile.

Ku-2017, ifilimu ethi "Isikhathi Sokuqala" yaqoshwa, yanikezelwa ekulungiseleleni nasezindizeni ezalandela zaya esikhaleni se- "Voskhod-2". Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Alexei Leonov usebenze njengomxhumanisi ophambili wefilimu, ngenxa yokuthi abaqondisi nabalingisi bakwazi ukudlulisa umdlalo wezisebenzi zaseSoviet ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Umshayeli wendiza wahlangana nomkakhe wesikhathi esizayo, uSvetlana Pavlovna, ngo-1957. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi abantu abasha banquma ukushada ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemuva kokuhlangana kwabo.

Noma kunjalo, lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaLeonov. Kulo mshado, amantombazane amabili azalwa - uVictoria no-Oksana.

Ngaphandle kwezindiza ne-astronautics, u-Alexei Leonov wayethanda ukudweba. Eminyakeni eminingi yobuciko bakhe bokudala, wabhala cishe imidwebo engama-200. Emikhondweni yakhe, le ndoda yaveza isikhala namathafa asemhlabeni, izithombe zabantu abahlukahlukene, kanye nezihloko ezinhle.

Usomkhathi naye ubethanda ukufunda izincwadi, ukugibela ibhayisikili, ukuzijwayeza ukubiya nokuyozingela. Wayekujabulela futhi ukudlala i-tennis, i-basketball nokuthwebula izithombe.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uLeonov wayehlala eduze nenhlokodolobha endlini eyakhiwa ngokomsebenzi wakhe.

Ukufa

U-Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov ushone ngo-Okthoba 11, 2019 eneminyaka engama-85. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, wayevame ukugula. Ikakhulu, bekufanele ahlinze uzwane ngenxa yesifo sikashukela esiqhubekayo. Imbangela yangempela yokufa kwe-astronaut ayisaziwa.

Eminyakeni edlule, uLeonov uzuze imiklomelo eminingi ehlonishwayo yamazwe omhlaba. Uthole i-Ph.D. Yakhe kwezesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, waphinde wenza izinto ezi-4 emkhakheni we-astronautics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umshayeli wendiza wayengumbhali wamaphepha ayishumi nesayensi.