UKonstantin Sergeevich Stanislavsky (igama langempela Alekseev; 1863-1938) - Umqondisi waseshashalazini waseRussia, umlingisi, uthisha, u-theorist, uguquko nomqondisi weshashalazi. Umsunguli wohlelo lokulingisa oludumile, obeludume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Umculi Wokuqala Wabantu we-USSR (1936).
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaStanislavsky, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho umlando omfushane kaKonstantin Stanislavsky.
Umlando kaStanislavsky
UKonstantin Alekseev (uStanislavsky) wazalwa ngoJanuwari 5 (17), 1863 eMoscow. Wakhulela emndenini omkhulu ocebile.
Uyise, uSergei A., wayengusomabhizinisi ocebile. Umama, u-Elizaveta Vasilevna, wayebandakanyeka ekukhuliseni izingane. UKonstantin wayenabafowabo nodadewabo abangu-9.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Abazali bakaStanislavsky babenendlu eduzane neRed Gate. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi akekho noyedwa ezihlotsheni zakhe, ngaphandle koyedwa kagogo, owayenokuthintana nenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini.
Ugogo ongumama kaConstantine, uMarie Varley, wadlala phambilini njengomlingisi esigabeni saseParis.
Omunye wobabamkhulu bakaStanislavsky wayengumnikazi wefektri ye-gimp, kanti omunye wayengumthengisi ocebile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibhizinisi lomndeni laphelela ezandleni zikaBaba uConstantine.
Abazali bazama ukunikeza izingane zabo ukukhuliswa okungcono kakhulu nemfundo. Izingane zazifundiswa umculo, umdanso, izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ukubiya, futhi zafaka nothando lwezincwadi.
Umndeni wakwa-Alekseev wawunendawo yaseshashalazini yasekhaya lapho kwakudlala khona abangane nezihlobo eziseduze. Kamuva, endaweni yaseLyubimovka, umndeni wakha uphiko lweshashalazi, olwabizwa kamuva ngokuthi "umbuthano ka-Alekseevsky".
Lapho uKonstantin Stanislavsky eneminyaka engu-4, wayedlala okokuqala komunye wemidlalo yomndeni. Futhi nakuba umfana wayengumntwana obuthakathaka kakhulu, wabonisa ukulingisa okuhle kakhulu esiteji.
Abazali bakhuthaza indodana yabo ukuba ihlanganyele kule mikhiqizo, kodwa esikhathini esizayo bambona kuphela njengomqondisi wefektri kayise yokwaluka.
Lapho ethola imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi, uKonstantin waba ngumfundi esikoleni sokuzivocavoca e-Institute of Oriental Languages, lapho afunda khona ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe ngo-1878-1881.
Ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu, uStanislavsky waqala ukusebenza enkampanini yomndeni, futhi wabamba iqhaza "kwi-Alekseevsky Circle". Akagcinanga ngokudlala esiteji kuphela, kodwa futhi wenze nemidlalo ehleliwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKonstantin wathatha izifundo zepulasitiki nezwi kubafundisi abakhulu.
Naphezu kokuthanda kwakhe inkundla yaseshashalazini, uStanislavsky wanaka kakhulu ibhizinisi. Ngemuva kokuba ngumqondisi wefektri, wahamba waya phesheya kwezilwandle ukuze athole ulwazi nokwenza ngcono ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo.
IMoscow Art Theatre nesiqondisi
Ngo-1888 uStanislavsky, kanye noKomissarzhevsky noSologub, basungula iMoscow Society of Art and Literature, umqulu wayo owasungula ngokuzimela.
Phakathi neminyaka eyi-10 yomsebenzi womphakathi, uKonstantin Sergeevich udale abalingiswa abaningi abacacile nabangakhohlwayo, ababambe iqhaza emikhiqizweni ye- "The Arbitrators", "Dowry" ne "The Fruits of Enlightenment".
Ithalente likaStanislavsky lokulingisa lalisobala kubabukeli abajwayelekile nabagxeki beshashalazi.
Kusukela ngo-1891 uKonstantin Stanislavsky, ngaphezu kokulingisa esiteji, waqala ukuqondisa. Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, wadlala imidlalo eminingi, kufaka phakathi i-Othello, i-Much Ado About Nothing, i-Polish Jew, i-Twelfth Night nabanye.
Ngo-1898 uStanislavsky wahlangana noNemirovich-Danchenko. Kwaphela amahora angu-18 abaphathi beshashalazi bexoxa ngamathuba okuvula iMoscow Art Theatre.
Abalingisi bokuqala beqembu elidumile laseMoscow Art Theatre lalinabafundi bamakhosi nabalaleli beMoscow Philharmonic.
Ukusebenza kokuqala, okufakwe enkundleni yemidlalo esanda kwakhiwa, kwakunguTsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Kodwa-ke, i-Seagull, ngokususelwa emdlalweni ka-Anton Chekhov, yaba yisasasa langempela emhlabeni kwezobuciko bokwenza. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kamuva i-silhouette ye-seagull izoba uphawu lwethiyetha.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uStanislavsky nozakwabo baqhubeka nokubambisana neChekhov. Ngenxa yalokhu, imidlalo efana ne "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters" ne "The Cherry Orchard" yahlelwa esiteji.
UKonstantin Stanislavsky usebenzise isikhathi esiningi ukuqondisa, ukufundisa abalingisi, ukuthuthukiswa kokucabanga kanye nokusebenziseka kohlelo lwakhe. Ngokusho kohlelo lukaStanislavsky, noma yimuphi umculi wayephoqelekile ukuyijwayela ngokuphelele le ndima, hhayi nje ukuveza impilo nemizwa yeqhawe lakhe.
Ngo-1912 eMoscow Art Theatre, umqondisi waqala ukufundisa abafundi ubuciko bokulingisa. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva wasungula istudiyo se-opera eBolshoi Theatre.
Ngama-20s okuqala, uKonstantin Sergeyevich nabaculi beMoscow Art Theatre bathatha uhambo lokuya eMelika. Ngasikhathi sinye, wasebenza ekwakhiweni komsebenzi wakhe wokuqala othi "My Life in Art", lapho achaza khona ngohlelo lwakhe.
Ngemuva kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba ka-1917, kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu eRussia. Kodwa-ke, uStanislavsky uqhubeke nokujabulela inhlonipho enkulu phakathi kwabamele ubuholi obusha bezwe.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uJoseph Stalin uqobo wavakashela kaninginingi iMoscow Art Theatre, ehleli ebhokisini elilodwa noStanislavsky.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi Konstantin Stanislavsky kwaba actress Maria Lilina. Lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye kwaze kwaba sekufeni komqondisi omkhulu.
Izingane ezintathu zazalwa kulo mshado. Indodakazi Xenia wabulawa inyumoniya esewusana. Indodakazi yesibili, uKira Alekseeva, waba yinhloko yomnyuziyamu wendlu kayise ngokuzayo.
Ingane yesithathu, indodana u-Igor, yayishade nomzukulu ka-Leo Tolstoy. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uStanislavsky wayenendodana engekho emthethweni evela entombazaneni engumlimi u-Avdotya Kopylova.
Ukukhulisa umfana wayehlanganyela uyise master of Sergey Alekseev, okungukuthi, umkhulu wakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, wathola isibongo kanye negama lomkhulu wakhe, waba nguVladimir Sergeevich Sergeev.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi esikhathini esizayo uVladimir Sergeev uzoba yisazi-mlando esidumile sasendulo, uprofesa eMoscow State University kanye ne-Stalin Prize Laureate.
Ukufa
Ngo-1928, kusihlwa sokugubha usuku lweMoscow Art Theatre, uStanislavsky, owayedlala esiteji, wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Ngemuva kwalokho, odokotela bamenqabela unomphela ukuya esiteji.
Mayelana nalokhu, ngemuva konyaka, uKonstantin Stanislavsky waqala ukuqondisa nokufundisa imisebenzi.
Ngo-1938, umqondisi washicilela enye incwadi, The Work of an Actor on Him, eyashicilelwa ngemuva kokushona kombhali.
Cishe iminyaka eyishumi, le ndoda yahlushwa yilesi sifo futhi yadala yize kubuhlungu. UKonstantin Sergeevich Stanislavsky washona ngo-Agasti 7, 1938 eMoscow.
Namuhla uhlelo lukaStanislavsky luthandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Abalingisi abaningi abadumile, kufaka phakathi izinkanyezi zaseHollywood, baqeqeshiwe kumakhono akhe okulingisa.
Izithombe zikaStanislavsky
