ULeonard Euler (1707-1783) - Isazi sezibalo kanye nomakhenikha waseSwitzerland, waseJalimane nowaseRussia, owabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zenzululwazi (kanye ne-physics, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi ethile esetshenzisiwe). Ngesikhathi seminyaka yokuphila kwakhe washicilela imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-850 ephathelene nemikhakha eyahlukahlukene.
U-Euler ucwaninge ngokujulile ngebhodani, ezokwelapha, ezekhemistri, ezomoya, inkolelo-mbono yomculo, izilimi eziningi zaseYurophu nezasendulo. Wayeyilungu lezifundiswa eziningi zesayensi, eyilungu lokuqala laseRussia leAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaLeonard Euler, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane ka-Euler.
Umlando kaLeonard Euler
ULeonard Euler wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 15, 1707 edolobheni laseSwitzerland iBasel. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini kaPastor Paul Euler nonkosikazi wakhe uMargaret Brooker.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubaba kasosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wayezithanda izibalo. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala yokufunda kwakhe eyunivesithi, waya ezifundweni zesazi sezibalo esidumile uJacob Bernoulli.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Iminyaka yokuqala yobuntwana bukaLeonard yachitha edolobhaneni laseRihen, lapho umndeni wakwa-Euler wathutha khona nje ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana yabo.
Umfana wathola imfundo yamabanga aphansi ngokuholwa nguyise. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wabonisa amakhono ezibalo kusenesikhathi.
Lapho uLeonard eneminyaka engaba ngu-8 ubudala, abazali bakhe bamthumela ukuyofunda esikoleni sokuzivocavoca, esasiseBasel. Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, wayehlala nogogo wakhe ongumama.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-13, lo mfundi onethalente wavunyelwa ukuya ezifundweni e-University of Basel. ULeonard wafunda kahle futhi ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba waqashelwa uSolwazi Johann Bernoulli, owayengumfowabo kaJacob Bernoulli.
Uprofesa wanikeza le nsizwa imisebenzi eminingi yezibalo waze wayivumela nokuthi ize endlini yayo ngeMigqibelo ukuze icacise okunzima ukuyiqonda indaba.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, lo mfana waphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo e-University of Basel e-Faculty of Arts. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu yokufunda eyunivesithi, wanikezwa iziqu zemasters, enikeza inkulumo ngesiLatini, lapho aqhathanisa khona uhlelo lukaDescartes nefilosofi yemvelo kaNewton.
Ngokushesha, efisa ukujabulisa uyise, uLeonard wangena emkhakheni wobufundisi, eqhubeka nokutadisha ngezibalo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kamuva u-Euler Sr wavumela indodana yakhe ukuthi ixhumanise impilo yayo nesayensi, ngoba yayazi ngesiphiwo sayo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umlando kaLeonard Euler washicilela amaphepha amaningi esayensi, kufaka phakathi i- "Dissertation in Physics on Sound". Lo msebenzi ubambe iqhaza emncintiswaneni wesikhundla esingenamuntu sikaprofesa we-physics.
Ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa okuhle, uLeonard oneminyaka engu-19 uthathwe njengomncane kakhulu ukuthi angaphathiswa ubuprofesa.
Ngokushesha, u-Euler wathola isimemo esilingayo esivela kubamele iSt. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, esasisendleleni yokuba futhi futhi esasidinga kakhulu ososayensi abanamakhono.
Umsebenzi wesayensi eSt
Ngo-1727, uLeonard Euler wafika eSt. Petersburg, lapho aba ngumxhumanisi wezibalo eziphakeme. Uhulumeni waseRussia wamabela indawo yokuhlala futhi wabeka umholo wama-ruble angama-300 ngonyaka.
Ngokushesha isazi sezibalo saqala ukufunda isiRussia, ayengakwazi ukusifunda ngesikhathi esifushane.
U-Euler kamuva waba ngumngani noChristian Goldbach, unobhala waphakade walesi sikole. Baqhuba ukuxhumana okusebenzayo, okwaziwa namuhla njengomthombo obalulekile emlandweni wesayensi ngekhulu le-18.
Lesi sikhathi se-biography kaLeonard sasithela ngokungavamile. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, ngokushesha wathola udumo lomhlaba wonke nokuqashelwa emphakathini wesayensi.
Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki eRussia, okwathuthuka ngemuva kokushona kweNdlovukazi u-Anna Ivanovna, kwaphoqa usosayensi ukuba ashiye iSt.
Ngo-1741, emenywe yinkosi yasePrussia uFrederick II, uLeonhard Euler wahamba nomndeni wakhe baya eBerlin. Inkosi yaseJalimane yayifuna ukuthola i-academy yesayensi, ngakho-ke yayinentshisekelo kuzinsizakalo zososayensi.
Sebenza eBerlin
Ngenkathi kuvulwa eyakhe i-academy eBerlin ngo-1746, uLeonard wathatha isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yomnyango wezibalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayephathiswe ukuqapha indawo yokuhlola, kanye nokuxazulula izindaba zabasebenzi nezezezimali.
Igunya lika-Euler, kanye nenhlalakahle yempahla, lalikhula minyaka yonke. Ngenxa yalokho, waba yisicebi waze wakwazi ukuthenga indawo kanokusho eCharlottenburg.
Ubudlelwano bukaLeonard noFrederick II babungelula neze. Abanye ababhali bomlando wesazi sezibalo bakholelwa ukuthi u-Euler wayebambele igqubu inkosi yasePrussia ngokungamniki isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli weBerlin Academy.
Lezi kanye nezinye izenzo eziningi zenkosi zaphoqa u-Euler ukuba ashiye iBerlin ngo-1766. Ngaleso sikhathi wathola isipho esasihola lukhulu ku-Catherine II, owayesanda kungena esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Buyela eSt
E-St. Petersburg, uLeonard Euler wamukelwa ngezindondo ezinkulu. Ngokushesha wanikezwa isikhundla esiphambili futhi wayekulungele ukugcwalisa cishe noma yiziphi izicelo zakhe.
Yize umsebenzi ka-Euler uqhubekile nokukhula ngokushesha, impilo yakhe yashiya okungahle kube kuhle. I-cataract yeso lesobunxele, ebimkhathaza emuva eBerlin, yathuthuka kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1771, uLeonard wahlinzwa, okwaholela ethumba futhi wacishe wangaboni ngokuphelele.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kwaqubuka umlilo omkhulu eSt. Petersburg, nawo owathinta indawo yokuhlala ka-Euler. Eqinisweni, usosayensi oyimpumputhe wasindiswa ngokuyisimangaliso nguPeter Grimm, ingcweti evela eBasel.
Ngoku-oda kukaCatherine II, kwakhiwa indlu entsha kaLeonard.
Ngaphandle kwezilingo eziningi, uLeonard Euler akazange ayeke ukwenza isayensi. Lapho engasakwazi ukubhala ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, indodana yakhe uJohann Albrecht yasiza izibalo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1734, u-Euler washada noKatharina Gsell, indodakazi yomdwebi waseSwitzerland. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyi-13, ezingu-8 zazo ezashona zisencane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indodana yakhe yokuqala, uJohann Albrecht, naye waba yisazi sezibalo esinekhono ngokuzayo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-20, wagcina eBerlin Academy of Sciences.
Indodana yesibili, uKarl, yafundela ubudokotela, kanti eyesithathu, uChristoph, yahlobanisa impilo yayo nemisebenzi yezempi. Enye yamadodakazi kaLeonard noKatarina, uCharlotte, waba yinkosikazi yesikhulu saseDashi, kanti omunye, uHelena, washada nesikhulu saseRussia.
Ngemuva kokuthola ifa eCharlottenburg, uLeonard waletha umama wakhe nodadewabo ongumfelokazi lapho futhi wanikeza zonke izingane zakhe izindlu.
Ngo-1773, u-Euler washonelwa ngumkakhe amthandayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, washada noSalome-Abigail. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi okhethiweyo wakhe wayengudadewabo womkakhe ongasekho.
Ukufa
Umkhulu uLeonard Euler ushone ngoSepthemba 18, 1783 eneminyaka engama-76. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba yisifo sohlangothi.
Ngosuku lokufa kukasosayensi, amafomula achaza indiza ebhaluni atholakala emabhodini akhe ama-2. Maduze abazalwane baseMontgolfier bazonikela eParis ebhaluni.
Igalelo lika-Euler kwezesayensi lalilikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba izindatshana zakhe zacwaningwa futhi zashicilelwa eminye iminyaka engama-50 ngemuva kokushona kwesazi sezibalo.
Okutholwe yisayensi ngesikhathi sokuhlala sokuqala nesesibili eSt
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uLeonard Euler wafunda ngokujulile imishini, imfundiso yomculo nokwakhiwa. Washicilela cishe imisebenzi engama-470 ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene.
Umsebenzi oyisisekelo wesayensi "Imishini" uthinte zonke izindawo zalesi sayensi, kufaka phakathi imishini yasezulwini.
Usosayensi wafunda uhlobo lomsindo, wasungula imfundiso yokuzithokozisa okubangelwa ngumculo. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Euler unikeze amanani wezinombolo kusikhawu sethoni, imisindo, noma ukulandelana kwazo. Izinga eliphansi, injabulo iyanda.
Engxenyeni yesibili ye- "Mechanics" uLeonard wanaka ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nokuzula.
U-Euler wenze igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-geometry, i-cartography, izibalo kanye nethiyori yamathuba. Umsebenzi wamakhasi angu-500 "i-Algebra" ufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wabhala le ncwadi ngosizo lwe-stenographer.
ULeonard wacwaninga ngokujule ngombono wenyanga, isayensi yasolwandle, ithiyori yezinombolo, ifilosofi yemvelo kanye nedayophethi.
IBerlin iyasebenza
Ngaphezu kwama-athikili angama-280, u-Euler washicilela izincwadi eziningi zesayensi. Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1744-1766. wasungula igatsha elisha lezibalo - isibalo sokwehluka.
Ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe kwaphuma imibhalo yokukhanya, kanye nokuhamba kwamaplanethi nezinkanyezi ezinomsila. Kamuva uLeonard washicilela imisebenzi ebucayi efana ne- "Artillery", "Isingeniso ekuhlaziyweni kwezinto ezincane", "Calculator Differential" ne- "Integral calculus".
Phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka yakhe eBerlin, u-Euler wafunda ngokukhanya. Ngenxa yalokhu, waba ngumbhali wencwadi enemiqulu emithathu iDioptrics. Kuwo, uchaze izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza ngcono amathuluzi we-optical, kufaka phakathi i-telescopes kanye ne-microscopes.
Uhlelo lwe-notation yezibalo
Phakathi kwamakhulu entuthuko ka-Euler, okuphawuleka kakhulu ukumelwa kombono wemisebenzi. Bambalwa abantu abalaziyo iqiniso lokuthi wayengowokuqala ukwethula i-notation f (x) - umsebenzi "f" ngengxabano "x".
Le ndoda iphinde yanciphisa ukubhalwa kwezibalo kwemisebenzi ye-trigonometric njengoba aziwa namuhla. Wabhala uphawu "e" lwe-logarithm yemvelo (eyaziwa ngokuthi "inombolo ka-Euler"), kanye nohlamvu lwesiGreki "Σ" kwengqikithi kanye nohlamvu "i" kuyunithi lokucabanga.
Ukuhlaziywa
U-Leonard usebenzise imisebenzi yokuchasisa nama-logarithms kubufakazi be-analytic. Wasungula indlela akwazi ngayo ukwandisa imisebenzi ye-logarithmic ibe uchungechunge lwamandla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Euler wasebenzisa ama-logarithms ukusebenza ngezinombolo ezingezinhle nezinzima. Ngenxa yalokho, wakhulisa kakhulu umkhakha wokusetshenziswa kwama-logarithms.
Khona-ke usosayensi wathola indlela eyingqayizivele yokuxazulula izibalo ze-quadratic. Uthuthukise inqubo entsha yokubala okuhlanganisiwe kusetshenziswa imikhawulo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Euler uthole ifomula yokubalwa kokuhlukahluka, manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yi- "Euler-Lagrange equation."
Umbono wenombolo
ULeonard ufakazele umbono omncane kaFermat, ubunikazi bukaNewton, umbono kaFermat kwizibalo ezi-2, waphinde wathuthukisa nobufakazi besihloko sikaLagrange esilinganisweni sezikwele ezi-4.
Wabuye waletha izengezo ezibalulekile emcabangweni wezinombolo eziphelele, ezazikhathaza izazi zezibalo eziningi zangaleso sikhathi.
I-Physics ne-Astronomy
U-Euler wakha indlela yokuxazulula i-Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, eyabe isetshenziswa lapho kubalwa ubunjiniyela.
Ngemisebenzi yakhe emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi, uLeonard uthole imiklomelo eminingi ehlonishwayo eParis Academy. Wenza izibalo ezinembile ze-parallax ye-Sun, futhi wanquma ngokunemba okuphezulu ukuzungeza kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini.
Izibalo zososayensi zisize ekuhlanganiseni amatafula anembile kakhulu wezixhumanisi zesibhakabhaka.
Isithombe nguLeonard Euler
