UMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck - Isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, umsunguli we-quantum physics. I-Laureate yeNobel Prize in Physics (1918) neminye imiklomelo ehlonishwayo, ilungu lePrussian Academy of Sciences kanye neminye imiphakathi eminingi yezesayensi yakwamanye amazwe.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaMax Planck okungenzeka ukuthi awazi ngawo.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaMax Planck.
Umlando we-Max Planck
UMax Planck wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 23, 1858 edolobheni laseJalimane iKiel. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womndeni omdala ohloniphekile.
Umkhulu nokhokho bakaMax babengoprofesa bemfundiso yenkolo, kanti umalume kayise wayengummeli odumile.
Ubaba we-physicist yesikhathi esizayo, uWilhelm Planck, wayenguprofesa wezomthetho eYunivesithi yaseKeele. Umama, u-Emma Patzig, wayeyindodakazi yomfundisi. Ngaphezu kukaMax, lo mbhangqwana wawunezinye izingane ezine.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Iminyaka eyi-9 yokuqala yempilo yakhe uMax Planck ayichitha eKiel. Ngemuva kwalokho, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eBavaria, njengoba ubaba wakhe anikezwa umsebenzi eNyuvesi yaseMunich.
Ngokushesha umfana wathunyelwa ukuyofunda eMaximilian Gymnasium, eyayithathwa njengesinye sezikhungo ezihlonishwa kakhulu eMunich.
UPlanck uthole amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha, ngokuba sezingeni labafundi abenza kahle kakhulu ejimini.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umlando kaMax wawuthanda kakhulu isayensi ngqo. Wahlatshwa umxhwele uthisha wezibalo uHermann Müller, owafunda kuye ngomthetho wokongiwa kwamandla.
Isitshudeni esasifuna ukwazi sathwalwa yimithetho yemvelo, ifilosofi, futhi sathola injabulo emculweni.
UMax Planck wayecula ekhwayeni yabafana futhi edlala upiyano kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba nentshisekelo enkulu kumfundiso yomculo futhi wazama ukuqamba imisebenzi yomculo.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, uPlanck wadlulisa ngempumelelo izivivinyo e-University of Munich. Ngaso leso sikhathi, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nokufunda umculo, imvamisa idlala isitho esontweni lendawo.
Kungakabiphi, uMax waze wakhonza njengomphathi weqembu ekhwayeni yabafundi futhi waqhuba ne-orchestra encane.
Ngokwesincomo sikayise, uPlanck wenza izifundo ze-theoretical physics, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaSolwazi Philip von Jolly. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uJolly weluleka umfundi ukuthi ayilahle le sayensi, ngoba, ngombono wakhe, yayizokhathala yona uqobo.
Noma kunjalo, uMax ngokuqinile uthathe isinqumo sokuqonda kahle ukwakheka kwe-theoretical physics, lapho aqala khona ukufunda ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ngalesi sihloko nokuhambela izinkulumo ze-physics yokuhlola zikaWilhelm von Betz.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana nesazi sefilosofi esidumile uHermann Helmholtz, uPlanck unquma ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-University of Berlin.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography, umfundi uhambela izifundo zesazi sezibalo uKarl Weierstrass, futhi abuye ahlole nemisebenzi yosolwazi Helmholtz noKirgoff. Kamuva wafunda umsebenzi kaClaesius ngombono wokushisa, okwamenza wazibandakanya kakhulu ekutadisheni i-thermodynamics.
Isayensi
Eminyakeni engama-21, uMax Planck wanikezwa iziqu zobudokotela ngemuva kokuvikela incwadi yokufunda ngomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Emsebenzini wakhe, ukwazile ukufakazela ukuthi ngenqubo yokuzimela, ukushisa akudluliswa kusuka emzimbeni obandayo kuya kokufudumele.
Ngokushesha, i-physicist ishicilela umsebenzi omusha ku-thermodynamics futhi ithola isikhundla somsizi omncane emnyangweni we-physics eyunivesithi yaseMunich.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uMax uba nguprofesa ozimele e-University of Kiel bese e-University of Berlin. Ngalesi sikhathi, umlando wakhe uthola ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe phakathi kososayensi bomhlaba.
Kamuva, uPlanck wayethenjwa ukuthi aphathe i-Institute for Theoretical Physics. Ngo-1892, usosayensi oneminyaka engu-34 ubudala uba uprofesa wesikhathi esigcwele.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uMax Planck ucwaninga ngokujulile ngemisebe eshisayo yemizimba. Ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi imisebe kagesi kagesi ayikwazi ukuqhubeka. Igeleza ngendlela ye-quanta ngayinye, ubukhulu bayo buya ngemvamisa ekhishiwe.
Ngenxa yalokho, i-physicist ithola ifomula yokwabiwa kwamandla ku-spectrum yomzimba omnyama ngokuphelele.
Ngo-1900, uPlanck wenza umbiko ngokutholakala kwakhe futhi ngalokho waba ngumsunguli - i-quantum theory. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ngesisekelo sefomula yakhe, amanani we-Boltzmann njalo abalwa.
UMax ukwazile ukuthola ukungaguquguquki kuka-Avogadro - inani lama-athomu emvukuzaneni elilodwa. Ukutholakala kwesazi sefilosofi saseJalimane kwavumela u-Einstein ukuthi aqhubeke nokuthuthukisa ithiyori ye-quantum.
Ngo-1918 uMax Planck waklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize in Physics "ngokuqaphela ukutholakala kwe-quanta yamandla."
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi, usosayensi wamemezela ukwesula kwakhe, eqhubeka nokusebenza neKaiser Wilhelm Society for Basic Sciences. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, waba ngumongameli wayo.
Inkolo nefilosofi
UPlanck wayefundiswe umoya wamaLuthela. Ngaphambi kokudla kwakusihlwa, wayethandaza njalo bese eqhubeka nokudla.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kusuka ngo-1920 kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, le ndoda yasebenza njenge-presbyter.
UMax wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi nenkolo kudlala indima enkulu empilweni yesintu. Kodwa-ke, waphikisana nokuhlanganiswa kwabo.
Usosayensi wagxeka esidlangalaleni noma yiluphi uhlobo lokusebenzelana nemimoya, ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi kanye ne-theosophy, ngaleso sikhathi eyayithanda ukuthandwa kakhulu emphakathini.
Ezinkulumweni zakhe, uPlanck akazange alisho igama likaKristu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi wagcizelela ukuthi, yize kusukela ebusheni bakhe "wayethanda inkolo", wayengakholelwa "kumuntu, ingasaphathwa eyonkulunkulu ongumKristu."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaMax kwakunguMaria Merck, ayemazi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kamuva, lo mbhangqwana waba namadodana amabili - uKarl no-Erwin, namawele amabili - u-Emma noGreta.
Ngo-1909, kushona unkosikazi othandekayo kaPlanck. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, le ndoda yashada noMargarita von Hesslin, owayengumshana kaMaria ongasekho.
Kule nyunyana umfana uHerman wazalelwa uMax noMargarita.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ku-biography kaMax Planck, kunochungechunge lwezinhlekelele ezihlobene nezihlobo zakhe eziseduze. Izibulo lakhe uKarl ushona phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918), futhi womabili amadodakazi ashonela ekubelethweni phakathi kuka-1917-1919.
Indodana yesibili emshadweni wayo wokuqala yagwetshwa intambo ngo-1945 ngokuhlanganyela ekubumbaneni noHitler uzungu. Futhi yize i-physicist evelele yenza konke okusemandleni ukusindisa u-Erwin, akukho lutho olwavela.
UPlanck wayengomunye wabantu abambalwa ababevikela amaJuda ngenkathi amaNazi esaphethe. Ngesikhathi somhlangano noFuhrer, wamncenga ukuthi ayeke ukuhlushwa kwalaba bantu.
UHitler, ngendlela yakhe ejwayelekile, waveza i-physics ebusweni bakhe, konke akucabangayo ngamaJuda, ngemuva kwalokho uMax akazange asiphakamise lesi sihloko futhi.
Ekupheleni kwempi, ikhaya likaPlanck labhujiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa ngamabhomu, futhi usosayensi ngokwakhe wasinda ngokuyisimangaliso. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zithandani zaphoqeleka ukuba zibalekele ehlathini, lapho zavikelwa khona ngumuntu obesenga ubisi.
Yonke le micimbi yayikhubaza kakhulu impilo yale ndoda. Wayephethwe yisifo samathambo somgogodla, okwakwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuhamba.
Ngenxa yemizamo kaSolwazi Robert Pohl, amasosha aseMelika athunyelwa kuPlanck nomkakhe futhi bamsize adlulele eGöttingen ephephile.
Ngemuva kokuhlala amasonto ambalwa esibhedlela, uMax waqala ukuzizwa engcono kakhulu. Ngemuva kokukhishwa, waphinde waqala ukuzibandakanya nemisebenzi yesayensi nokufundisa.
Ukufa
Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwalowo owathola umklomelo kaNobel, iKaiser Wilhelm Society yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iMax Planck Society, ngeqhaza layo ekuthuthukiseni isayensi.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-1947, uPlanck wanikeza abafundi inkulumo yakhe yokugcina, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho impilo yakhe yaya ngokuya iba yimbi nsuku zonke.
UMax Planck ushone ngo-Okthoba 4, 1947 eneminyaka engama-89. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba yisifo sohlangothi.
Isithombe nguMax Planck
