Ulimi luyithuluzi lokuqala nelinkimbinkimbi kakhulu umuntu alisebenzisayo. Iyithuluzi elidala kunawo wonke, eliguquguquka kakhulu nelichazayo lesintu. Ngaphandle kolimi, umphakathi omncane wabantu ubungeke ubekhona, ingasaphathwa eyempucuko yanamuhla. Akumangalisi ukuthi ababhali bezinganekwane zesayensi abathi kwesinye isikhathi bazame ukucabanga ukuthi umhlaba ubuyoba njani ngaphandle kwenjoloba, izinsimbi, ukhuni, njll., Akukaze kwenzeke ukucabanga ngomhlaba ongenalo ulimi - izwe elinjalo, ekuqondeni kwethu leli gama, alikwazi ukuba khona.
Umuntu ukuphatha konke okwakungadalwanga nguye (futhi nakokudaliwe) ngelukuluku elikhulu lokufuna ukwazi. Ulimi luyehlukile. Vele, asisoze sazi ukuthi ngubani owaqala ukucabanga ukuthi kungani sibiza isinkwa ngesinkwa, futhi kumaJalimane "yi-brot". Kepha ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, imibuzo enjalo yaqala ukubuzwa kaningi. Abantu abafundile baqala ukuwafaka, ngokushesha bezama - ngokubonisana okwamanje - ukuthola izimpendulo. Ngokufika kwezincwadi ezibhaliwe, kwaba nokuncintisana, ngakho-ke ukugxekwa, kuqaphela ukushiyeka kolimi. Isibonelo, u-A.S.Pushkin wake waphendula ngokubhala ekuhlaziyweni okubucayi komunye wemisebenzi yakhe, eyayinezimangalo ezingama-251.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uPushkin wayevame ukugxekwa ngokungenasihawu
Kancane kancane, imithetho yezilimi yahlelwa, futhi abantu ababambe iqhaza kulolu hlelo baqala - kwesinye isikhathi eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokufa - ukubizwa ngokuthi abezilimi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilimi kwafakwa ngokwesayensi ngokuhlukaniswa, imikhakha, izikole, imiphakathi ngisho nalabo ababengahambisani nayo. Kwavela ukuthi ezolimi zingahlaziya ulimi luze kuma-molecule we-morpheme, kepha akukwazanga ukudala uhlelo oluhambisanayo nokuhlukanisa izingxenye zolimi kuze kube manje.
1. Umlando wezilimi kwesinye isikhathi uqala ukuhola cishe kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinhlelo zokuqala zokubhala. Vele, njengesayensi, izilimi zavela kamuva kakhulu. Cishe, lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngekhulu lesi-5 kuya kwele-4 BC. e., lapho eGrisi lasendulo laqala ukufunda izinkulumo zokubhala. Inqubo yokufunda ibibandakanya ukufunda imibhalo yezinkulumo ezahlukahlukene nokuzihlaziya ngokombono wokufunda, isitayela, ukwakhiwa. Emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka A.D. e. eChina kwakukhona uhlu lwama-hieroglyphs, olufana nezichazamazwi zamanje, kanye nokuqoqwa kwemilolotelo (ukuqala kwemisindo yefoni yanamuhla). Izifundo eziningi zezilimi zaqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-16 - 17.
2. Zinembe kangakanani izilimi isayensi engahlulelwa yiminyaka eminingi (futhi isaphela) ingxoxo yamazwe omhlaba mayelana nezingxenye zokukhuluma. Ibizo kuphela elahlala linjalo kule ngxoxo. Ilungelo lokuba izingxenye zokukhuluma linqatshelwe kuzo zombili izinombolo nezilinganiso ze-ordinal kanye nokuphikiswa, ukubamba iqhaza kubhalwe ngezichasiso, kanti ama-gerunds aba yizandiso. UmFulentshi uJoseph Vandries, ngokusobala ephelelwe yithemba, uthathe isinqumo sokuthi kunezingxenye ezimbili kuphela zenkulumo: igama nesenzo - akatholanga mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwebizo nesiphawulo. Isazi sezilimi saseRussia u-Alexander Peshkovsky wayenganciphisi - ngokombono wakhe, kunezingxenye ezine zenkulumo. Wengeze isenzo kanye nesandiso kwisibizo nesiphawulo. Isazi sezemfundo uViktor Vinogradov wakhetha izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili zokukhuluma nezinhlayiya ezi-5. Futhi lokhu akuyona neze izindaba zezinsuku ezedlule, kwakungaphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ekugcineni, i-Academic Grammar yango-1952-1954 ikhuluma ngezingxenye eziyishumi zokukhuluma, kanti nakuhlelo lolimi olufanayo lwango-1980 kunezingxenye eziyishumi zokukhuluma. Ngabe iqiniso lazalwa ngempikiswano? Akunandaba ukuthi kunjani! Inombolo namagama ezingxenye zenkulumo kuyafana, kepha ubuningi bamagama buhamba buye engxenyeni ethile yenkulumo buye kwenye.
3. Njengakunoma isiphi isayensi, i-linguistics inezingxenye, kuneziyishumi nambili zazo, kusukela kolimi olujwayelekile kuya kolimi olunamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuvele imikhakha eminingana empambanweni yolimi nezinye izayensi.
4. Kukhona okuthiwa. izilimi ze-amateur. Izazi ezisemthethweni, "ezingochwepheshe" zibheka njengabathandi bezinkanyezi futhi zivame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "pseudoscientific". Abalandeli ngokwabo babheka imibono yabo njengayo kuphela efanele futhi basola ochwepheshe ngokubambelela emibonweni yabo ephelelwe yisikhathi ngenxa yeziqu zezikhundla kanye nezikhundla. Izifundo zolimi zikaMikhail Zadornov zingathathwa njengesibonelo esijwayelekile solimi lwe-amateur. Izazi zolimi lwe-Amateur zibonakala ngesifiso sokubheka izimpande zaseRussia kuwo wonke amagama azo zonke izilimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpande ezihambisanayo, ngokwesibonelo, kumagama endawo yasendulo zithathwe olimini lwakamuva lwaseRussia. Elinye "iqhinga" le-philology yama-amateur ukucinga izincazelo ezifihliwe, "zokuqala" ngamagama.
UMikhail Zadornov eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe wayebandakanyeke kakhulu kwezolimi lwe-amateur. ILondon "isesifubeni kuDon"
5. Ngokwesikhathi sazo, ummeleli wokuqala wezilimi ze-amateur kungenzeka kakhulu abe ngu-Academician u-Alexander Potebnya. Le theorist enkulu yezilimi yekhulu le-19, kanye nemisebenzi evelele yohlelo lolimi kanye ne-etymology yegama, wayengumbhali wemisebenzi lapho atolika khona ngokukhululekile izisusa zokuziphatha kwabalingiswa bezinganekwane nabasenganekwaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPotebnya wahlobanisa igama elithi "ukudalelwa" nelithi "injabulo" nemibono yamaSlavic ngoNkulunkulu. Manje abacwaningi ngobumnene babiza usosayensi njengomuntu ongajwayelekile ngenxa yokuhlonipha ukufaneleka kwakhe kwesayensi.
U-Alexander Potebnya wayezibheka njengomuntu omkhulu waseRussia, kanti isigodi esincane saseRussia sasiyilulimi. E-Ukraine, lokhu akuhluphi muntu, ngoba uPotebnya wasebenza eKharkov, okusho ukuthi ungowase-Ukraine
6. Izici zemisindo yolimi zifundwa ngemisindo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyigatsha elithuthuke kakhulu lezilimi. Umsunguli wefonetiki yaseRussia uthathwa njengososayensi onesibongo esihle sefoni uBaudouin de Courtenay endlebeni yaseRussia. Nokho, igama academician omkhulu kwaba ngempela Russian: Ivan Alexandrovich. Ngaphandle kwemisindo, wayejwayelene nezinye izici zolimi lwesiRussia. Isibonelo, elungiselela uhlelo olusha lwesichazamazwi sikaDahl ukuze lushicilelwe, wethula kuwo amagama anenhlamba, lapho agxekwa khona ngokungenasihawu ngozakwabo - babengacabangi ngokuhlelwa okunjalo kokuvukela umbuso. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaBaudouin de Courtenay, kwasebenza isikole sonke sososayensi, esasinyathela kakhulu umkhakha wefonetiki. Ngakho-ke, ngenhloso yokuziphilisa, ososayensi banamuhla abacwaninga izinto ezizwakalayo ngolimi kufanele bamemezele amagama anjengokuthi “northA”, “southA”, “capacity”, njll., Njengenqubo yolimi - abantu bayasebenza, bayafunda.
7. Impilo ye-IA Baudouin de Courtenay ayithakazelisi hhayi kuphela ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwezolimi. Usosayensi wayekhuthele kwezepolitiki. Waphakanyiselwa isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli wePoland ezimele. Ukhetho, olwalubanjwe ngo-1922 emizuliswaneni emithathu, uBaudouin de Courtenay wehlulwa, kodwa kwakungokwalabo ababengcono kakhulu - uMengameli owakhethwa uGabriel Narutovich washeshe wabulawa.
I. Baudouin de Courtenay
8. Uhlelo lolimi lufunda imigomo yokuhlanganisa amagama komunye nomunye. Incwadi yokuqala ngohlelo lolimi lwesiRussia yashicilelwa nguJein Heinrich Ludolph ngesiLatini. IMorphology icwaninga ngendlela leligama lelishintja ngayo “lifanane” nemusho lomakhelwane. Indlela amagama ahlanganiswe ngayo ezakhiweni ezinkulu (amabinzana nemisho) ifunda i-syntax. Futhi isipelingi (isipelingi), yize kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi isigaba sezilimi, empeleni kuyisethi yemithetho evunyelwe. Imikhuba yolimi yesimanje yolimi lwesiRussia ichaziwe futhi yasungulwa ngo-1980.
9. Isichazamazwi sibhekana nencazelo yamagama nokuhlanganiswa kwawo. Ngaphakathi kwesichazamazwi, kukhona okungenani ama- "-logies" ayi-7, kepha ama-stylistics kuphela anokubaluleka okusebenzayo empilweni yansuku zonke. Lesi sigaba sihlolisisa izincazelo - izincazelo zamagama ezifihliwe nezicashile. Isazi sezitayela zaseRussia asisoze - ngaphandle kwezizathu ezisobala - sibiza owesifazane ngokuthi "inkukhu" noma "izimvu", ngoba ngesiRashiya la magama anomqondo omubi maqondana nabesifazane - abayiziphukuphuku, abayiziphukuphuku. Umlobi wezincwadi waseChina uzophinda abize owesifazane ngokuthi "inkukhu" kuphela uma kunesidingo. Ngokwenza njalo, uzobe ecabanga ngesibopho esiphansi senhlalo salowo ochazwe. "Izimvu" ngesiShayina ziwuphawu lobuhle obuphelele. Ngo-2007, inhloko yesifunda esisodwa e-Altai, ukungazi izitayela, kwabiza ama-ruble angama-42,000. Emhlanganweni, wabiza inhloko yomkhandlu wesigodi "ngembuzi" (isinqumo sithi: "esinye sezilwane zasemapulazini, ogama laso linencazelo ecacile"). Isimangalo senhloko yomkhandlu wesigodi saneliswa yinkantolo yemantshi, kanti isisulu sathola isinxephezelo esingu-15 000 ngokulimala kwesimilo, umbuso wathola izinhlawulo ezingama-20 000, futhi inkantolo yaneliseka ngama-ruble ayi-7,000 ngezindleko.
10. Isichazamazwi singabizwa ngokuthi isihlobo esimpofu emndenini wamagatsha ezilimi. Ifonetiki neluhlelo lwelulwimi kunezihlobo ezindala eziqinile ezihamba phezulu endaweni ephakeme esezulwini - imisindvo yethiyori kanye nohlelo lolimi, ngokulandelana. Abazinikeli empilweni yansuku zonke yezingcindezi ze-banal namacala. Inkatho yabo ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani konke okukhona olimini kwenzeka. Futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ikhanda labafundi abaningi be-philology. Isichazamazwi sethiyori asikho nhlobo.
11. Usosayensi omkhulu waseRussia uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov akagcinanga ngokwenza okutholakele kusayensi yemvelo. Ubuye waziphawula kwezolimi. Ikakhulu, ku- "grammar Russian" wayengumuntu wokuqala wezilimi ukunaka isigaba sobulili olimini lwesiRussia. Ukuthambekela okujwayelekile lapho-ke kwakuwukubeka izinto ezingaphili ohlotsheni oluphakathi (futhi lokho kwakuyinqubekela phambili, ngoba kwakukhona abesilisa abayi-7 kuhlelo lolimi lohlobo lweSmotritsa). I-Lomonosov, enqabile, yenqaba ukuqhubekisela phambili izilimi ezinhlelweni, wabheka ukunikezwa kwamagama ezinto kubantu besilisa okungakhuthazi, kepha wabona ubuqiniso obukhona bolimi.
UM.V. Lomonosov udale uhlelo lolimi olunengqondo kakhulu lolimi lwaseRussia
12. Umsebenzi wezazi ezikhethekile zezilimi uchazwe ku-dystopia ka "George" ka "1984". Phakathi kwezindikimba zikahulumeni waleli zwe eliqanjiwe kukhona umnyango onezinkulungwane zabasebenzi nsuku zonke ezisusa amagama “angenasidingo” kwizichazamazwi. Omunye walabo abasebenza kulo mnyango wachaza ngokunengqondo isidingo somsebenzi wakhe ngokuthi ulimi aludingi izichasiso eziningi zaleli gama, isibonelo, “okuhle”. Kungani konke lokhu "kuncomeka", "kuyakhazimula", "kunengqondo", "kuyisibonelo", "kuyathandeka", "kufanelekile", njll., Uma ikhwalithi enhle yento noma yomuntu ingachazwa ngegama elilodwa "plus"? Amandla noma incazelo yekhwalithi ingagcizelelwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi “okuhle” noma “okukhazimulayo” - vele uthi “plus-plus”.
Ngo-1984: Impi ingukuthula, inkululeko iyisigqila, futhi kunamagama amaningi angenasidingo olimini
13. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1810, kwaba nengxoxo evuthayo ngolimi lwesiRussia, yize zazimbalwa kakhulu izazi zolimi ngaleso sikhathi. Indima yabo yadlalwa ngababhali. UNikolai Karamzin waqala ukwethula amagama aqanjwe nguye ngolimi lwemisebenzi yakhe, ekopisha amagama afanayo avela ezilimini zakwamanye amazwe. KwakunguKaramzin owasungula amagama "umqeqeshi" nokuthi "umgandayo", "umkhakha" kanye "nomuntu", "isigaba sokuqala" kanye "nomthwalo wemfanelo" .Ukuhlekwa okunjalo kolimi lwaseRussia kwacasula ababhali abaningi. Umbhali nomkhonzi u-Alexander Shishkov waze wadala umphakathi okhethekile wokulwa nezinto ezintsha, okubandakanya umlobi onegunya njengoGabriel Derzhavin. Karamzin yena wasekelwa Batyushkov, Davydov, Vyazemsky futhi Zhukovsky. Umphumela wengxoxo usobala namuhla.
UNikolay Karamzin. Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi igama elithi "ukucwengwa" livele ngesiRashiya kuphela ngenxa yakhe
<14. Umhlanganisi wesichazamazwi esidumile se- "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" uVladimir Dal wayengeyena usosayensi wezilimi ngokomsebenzi, noma nguthisha wezincwadi, yize ayenikeza izifundo zaseRussia njengomfundi. UDahl waqala waba yisikhulu sezempi, wabe esethweswa iziqu zobudokotela eDorpat (manje eyiTartu) University, wasebenza njengodokotela ohlinzayo, isisebenzi sikahulumeni futhi wathatha umhlalaphansi eneminyaka engama-58 kuphela. Umsebenzi wakhe ku "Isichazamazwi Esichazayo" uthathe iminyaka engama-53. [i-caption id = "okunamathiselwe_5724" ukuqondanisa = "ukuqondanisa" ububanzi = "618"]
UVladimir Dal wayesemsebenzini eceleni kombhede wePushkin ofayo kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina [/ amazwibela]
15. Ukuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo okwenziwa ngisho ngabahumushi besimanjemanje kakhulu akulona iqiniso futhi kubanga nokuhleka hhayi nakancane ngoba umhumushi usebenza ngokungalungile noma ngoba engenawo amandla wekhompyutha. Ukunganembi kubangelwa isisekelo esichazayo esingesihle sezichazamazwi zesimanje. Ukwakha izichazamazwi ezichaza amagama ngokuphelele, zonke izincazelo zawo namacala wokusebenzisa kungumsebenzi omkhulu. Ngo-2016, uhlelo lwesibili lwe-Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary lanyatheliswa eMoscow, lapho amagama achazwa ngokuphelela okuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yomsebenzi weqembu elikhulu labalimi, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuchaza amagama angama-203. Isichazamazwi sesiFulentshi esiphelele esifanayo, esishicilelwe eMontreal, sichaza amagama angama-500 angena emiqulwini emi-4.
Abantu banecala ngokuyinhloko ngokunganembi ekuhumusheni komshini
