Izinambuzane zingabangane abahlangene bomuntu ngesikhathi nendawo, osizini nasenjabulweni, empilweni nasekufeni. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babekhulekela amabhungane, futhi inzalo yabo yanamuhla ihlushwa ukuhlaselwa yisikhonyane. Okhokho bethu bazame behluleka beqa omiyane ngetiyela, kwesinye isikhathi sikhononda ngokuxosha okungenamsebenzi kwanamuhla. Amaphela ayekhona eMhlabeni kudala ngaphambi kwabantu, futhi, ngokusho kososayensi, azosinda ngisho nempi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke lapho isintu sizonyamalala khona.
Izinambuzane zihluke kakhulu. Izintuthwane eziqoqiwe kanye nezicabucabu ezedlulele ngokweqile zisezingeni elilodwa. Uvemvane olubucayi olubabazekayo nobhejane omkhulu wobhejane, okwazi ukudonsa izinto izikhathi eziningi ezisindayo kunabo - nazo ziyizihlobo, noma ngabe zikude. Izinambuzane zifaka omiyane abantantayo, nezinambuzane-izimuncagazi ezingahambi ngokuzimela nhlobo.
Ekugcineni, ulayini wokuhlukanisa obaluleke kakhulu ugijima kulayini owusizo-owusizo. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ama-entomologists amateur kanye nochwepheshe bazama kangakanani ukukholisa wonke umuntu ukuthi zonke izinambuzane ziyadingeka, zonke izinambuzane zibalulekile, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza lokhu maqondana nabamele abavelele balesi sigaba. Ukuze sibalekele futhi sinciphise ukulimala okuvela ezintethe, izintwala, izimbungulu, omiyane nezinye izinambuzane, isintu bekufanele sikhokhe ngezigidi zabantu kanye nemithombo engacabangeki. Isivuno esikhuphukile esivela ekupholiseni izinyosi sihle kuphela uma singabhujiswa yisifo sesikhonyane.
1. Kunezinambuzane eziningi kakhulu ngobuningi nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo ukuthi idatha ezinambuzaneni ezinkulu kunazo zonke ishintsha njalo. Namuhla isinambuzane senduku uPhobaeticus chani esihlala esiqhingini saseKalimantan e-Indonesia sithathwa njengommeleli omkhulu walesi sigaba. Ubude bomzimba wayo bungamasentimitha angama-35.7. Isinambuzane esincane kunazo zonke i-parasite (i-parasite ehlala kwezinye izinambuzane) iDicopomorpha echmepterygis. Ubude bayo bungu-0.139 mm.
2. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka yezimboni iSoviet Union yathenga kakhulu imishini yezimboni phesheya. Kepha bekufanele ngenze okunye, ekuqaleni, hhayi ukuthenga okudingeka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1931, kwathengwa inqwaba yama-ladybird ohlobo lweRodolia eGibhithe. Lokhu bekungeyona imali esetshenzisiwe engafanele yezimali zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe - ama-ladybirds bekufanele agcine izithelo ze-Abkhaz ezisawolintshi. Ukutshalwa kwezithelo ezisawolintshi kwakungeyona indawo yokudoba eneminyaka eyikhulu e-Abkhazia; ama-tangerines namawolintshi atshalwa kuphela ngawo-1920. Ngaphandle kokugeja - kanye nezithombo ezathengwa e-Australia, zaletha nesitha esibi kunazo zonke zezithelo ezisawolintshi - i-aphid ebizwa nge-Australian flute worm. E-Australia, ngenxa yama-ladybird, inani labantu lalinganiselwe. E-USSR, ngaphandle kwezitha zemvelo, ama-aphid aba isishayo sangempela. URodolia wakhuliswa endaweni yokugcina izithombo eLeningrad futhi wadedelwa wangena ezingadini. Izinkomo zasebenzelana kahle nomsundu kangangoba zona zaqala ukubulawa yindlala - zazingazi okunye ukudla kwemvelo kulezo zindawo.
3. Izinyosi akuzona kuphela, hhayi ngisho noju oluningi namakhekhamu. Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuvotelwa yizinyosi isivuno cishe sazo zonke izitshalo zezimbali eziqhakazayo siyakhula. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda okutholwe kubavuni bezimpova ababhedayo bekuvame ukulinganiselwa kumashumi wamaphesenti. Ngakho-ke, uMnyango Wezolimo e-US ngo-1946 walinganisela ukwanda kwesivuno esivandeni ngesidleke esisodwa ehektheleni ngalinye kwaba ngama-40%. Izibalo ezifanayo zashicilelwa ngabaphenyi baseSoviet. Kodwa lapho ngo-2011 kwenziwa ucwaningo “oluhlanzekile” e-Uzbekistan, amanani ayehluke ngokuphelele. Izihlahla eziqhelelene nezinyosi zinikeze isivuno esiphindwe ka-10 - 20 ngaphansi kwempova yezinyosi. Isivuno sasihluka ngisho emagatsheni esihlahla esifanayo.
4. Ojekamanzi badla omiyane, kodwa inani lomiyane livame ukuba likhulu kangangokuba umuntu angazizwa ekhululekile ekubukekeni kojekamanzi. Kepha e-Barabinskaya steppe (ixhaphozi elinamaxhaphozi esifundeni sase-Omsk naseNovosibirsk), izakhamizi zendawo ziya emsebenzini wasensimini noma engadini kuphela lapho kuvela imihlambi kajekamanzi, ehlakaza omiyane ngokuphumelelayo.
5. Isitha esesabekayo samazambane, i-Colorado potato beetle, satholakala ngo-1824 ezintabeni zase-American Rocky. Kwakuyisidalwa esingenabungozi ngokuphelele, esidla ama-nightshades akhula endle. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lanambitha amazambane. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1850, kube yinhlekelele kubalimi baseMelika. Kungakapheli ishumi nesigamu, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado langena eYurophu. E-USSR, wabonwa okokuqala ngo-1949 eTranscarpathia. Ukuhlasela okukhulu kweSoviet Union yi-Colorado amazambane beetle kwenzeka ehlobo elishisayo nelomile lango-1958. Amashumi amaningi amabhungane awela imingcele hhayi kuphela ngomoya, kodwa nangolwandle - ugu lwaseBaltic esifundeni saseKaliningrad naseBaltic States kwakugcwele amabhungane.
6. Isiduli esisodwa esincane sohlobo lweFormica (lezi izintuthwane ezisakazeke kakhulu emahlathini ashubile) sibhubhisa izinambuzane ezihlasela amahlathi ezifika ezigidini ngosuku. Ihlathi, lapho kunezintuthwane eziningi ezinjalo, livikelwe izinambuzane eziyizinambuzane. Uma ngasizathu simbe izintuthwane zifuduka noma zifa - imvamisa ngenxa yotshani obushisayo - izinambuzane zihlasela izihlahla ezingazivikelekile ngejubane elimangazayo.
7. Isikhonyane sithathwa njengesinye sezinambuzane ezimbi kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Lokhu kufana nentethe akuyona ingozi kubantu abathintana nabo ngqo, kepha ukuhlaselwa yisikhonyane kuye kwaholela kaningi endlaleni enkulu. Abakhulu, izigidigidi zabantu, izinkumbi zezinkumbi ziyakwazi ukucekela phansi wonke amazwe, zidle konke okusendleleni yazo. Ngisho nemifula emikhulu ayimisi - imigqa yokuqala yesinki icwila futhi yakhele abanye isikebhe. Izinkumbi zezinkumbi zamisa izitimela zadubula phansi izindiza. Izizathu zokubonakala kwemihlambi enjalo zachazwa ngo-1915 ngusosayensi waseRussia uBoris Uvarov. Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi lapho kudlulwa umkhawulo othile wobuningi, ukuhlala ngokungenabungozi kokuhlala wedwa kuguqula inkambo yentuthuko nokuziphatha kwabo, kuphenduke inkumbi enkulu ebhuqayo. Nokho, lokhu ukuqagela akuzange kusize kakhulu ekulweni nesikhonyane. Izindlela eziphumelelayo zokulawulwa kwesikhonyane zivele kuphela ngokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nezindiza. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nasekhulwini lama-21, kukude kakhulu ukwenzeka njalo ukuyeka, ukubeka endaweni nokucekela phansi isibungu sesikhonyane.
8. Abase-Australia, bezama ukuzala okuthile okuwusizo ezwenikazi labo, baye banyathela kaningi i-rake. Impi eyindumezulu nonogwaja ikude nempi yase-Australia kuphela emelene namandla emvelo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, kwalethwa uhlobo oluthile lwe-cactus oluphakathi kwamapayipi oluncane kakhulu. Lesi sitshalo sasithanda isimo sezulu sase-Australia. Abantu base-Australia bathande izinga lokukhula komdolofiya nokuqina kwalo, okwenza kwaba uthango oluphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka, kwakudingeka bacabange ngakho: ama-cacti azalelwa onogwaja esikhathini esedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma kungenzeka babasiphule, izwe lahlala liyinyumba. Sazama bobabili ogandaganda nokubulala ukhula - ngeze. Banqobe lolu hlobo lwepheya eliyimbumba kuphela ngosizo lwesinambuzane. I-butterfly kaktoblastis ilethwe ivela eNingizimu Melika. Amaqanda alesi uvemvane atshalwe ku-cacti, futhi eminyakeni emihlanu nje inkinga yaxazululwa. Njengophawu lokubonga umlilo, kwamiswa itshe lesikhumbuzo.
9. Izinambuzane zidliwa cishe yizo zonke izinyoni, futhi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezinhlobo zezinyoni, izinambuzane ziwukuphela kohlobo lokudla. Phakathi kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti, ama-40% ezinhlobo zondla kuphela izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zineqembu lonke lezinambuzane. Kubandakanya ama-hedgehogs, ama-moles kanye nama-shrews. Cishe izinhlobo zezinambuzane eziyi-1,500 zisetshenziselwa ukudla nabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni ahlukene, isinambuzane esifanayo singabhekwa njengokudla kwansuku zonke kanye nesibiliboco esimangalisayo. Izinkumbi zibhekwa njengomholi ekuphekeni. Amabhungane, iziphungumangathi nezibungu zezimvemvane, izinyosi, iminyovu, izintuthwane, izintethe kanye nezinyendle nakho kuyathandwa.
10. Naphezu kobuningi bezinto zokufakelwa, izinhlobo eziningana zemikhiqizo yemvelo etholwe ezinambuzaneni ayikazitholi izifaniso ezigcwele. Okokuqala, lokhu kasilika (umbungu kasilika), uju ne-wax (izinyosi) kanye ne-shellac (impahla esezingeni eliphakeme yokuvikela etholakala kolunye uhlobo lwe-aphid).
11. Ezinye izinambuzane zibalulekile njengabaculi. EGrisi naseRoma lasendulo, abacebile babegcina ama-cicadas amaningi emakhaya abo. Amakhilikithi azalwa eChina, Japan nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia. Amakhilikithi ensimu yokucula agcinwa ezinkanjini e-Italy.
12. Izinambuzane zingaba ukuqoqwa. Izimvemvane zithandwa kakhulu kulokhu. Ubukhulu bamanye amaqoqo buyamangalisa. IThomas Witt Entomological Museum itholakala eMunich. Ngaphezulu kwezimvemvane eziyizigidi eziyi-10 zigcinwa ezimali zayo. Eqoqweni langasese likaBaron Rothschild, elanikelwa kamuva eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani, kwakukhona amakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-2,25.
13. Njenganoma yikuphi ukuqoqwa, izimvemvane ziza nentengo. Kukhona abadobi bamavemvane abangochwepheshe, okungaba ukulandela ama-oda avela kubaqoqi noma ukusebenza ngemodi yokuzingela yamahhala. Abanye babo bafuna izibonelo ezingavamile ngisho nase-Afghanistan, lapho impi ibilokhu iqhubeka khona kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Imakethe yezimvemvane eziqoqekayo icishe ibe semathunzini ngokuphelele. Kwesinye isikhathi ukuthengiselana okuqediwe kuphela kubikwa, ngaphandle kokubalula uhlobo lwovemvane oluthengisiwe - cishe zonke izimvemvane ezinkulu zivikelwe umthetho wezemvelo. Intengo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezake zakhokhelwa uvemvane ngama- $ 26,000. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi indlela yenani lezimvemvane iyefana nendlela yokubaluleka kwenani lezitembu zokuposa eziqoqekayo - amakhophi ayabalwa ahlukile kozakwabo - anephethini elingalingani lamaphiko, imibala "engalungile", njll.
14. Umuhlwa ungakha izindlu ezinkulu. Ukuphakama kwesiduli somuhlwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esibhalwe phansi kwakungamamitha ayi-12.8. Ngaphezu kwengxenye engaphezulu, indunduma ngayinye yomuhlwa nayo inezitezi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo zomuhlwa azikwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, zimba izimbobo ezijulile ukuze zifinyelele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphambilini, izindunduma zomuhlwa ogwadule zazithathwa njengohlobo lwezinkomba zokusondela kwamanzi enhlabathi. Kodwa-ke kwavela ukuthi umuhlwa onenkani ungangena ungene ekujuleni komhlaba uye ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50.
15. Kuze kube ikhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, umalaleveva wawuyisifo esingelona ubhubhane esibi kunazo zonke kubantu. Kwabangelwa ukulunywa omiyane besifazane, lapho izidalwa ezinamagciwane ezinama-unicellular zangena egazini lomuntu. UMalaleveva wagula kusenesikhathi seminyaka eyi-III BC. e. Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungula imbangela yalesi sifo futhi indlela yokusakazeka kwalo. Kuze kube manje, akukaze kwenzeke ukuthola umuthi wokugomela umalaleveva. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokulwa nomalaleveva ukukhipha izimbotshana zomiyane. Lokhu kwenziwa e-USSR, e-USA kanye nasemazweni ase-Europe. Kodwa-ke, emazweni atholakala enkabazwe, ohulumeni abanayo imali yokwenza umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka, ngakho-ke, namuhla kufa abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi ababulawa umalaleveva ngonyaka. Lesi sifo u-Alexander Omkhulu, uGenghis Khan, uChristopher Columbus, uDante noByron ababulawa ngaso, futhi manje siyaqhubeka nokugunda izinkulungwane zabantu.
16. Impukane i-Psilopa petroleum fly, noma kunalokho isibungu sayo, iyindawo yokuhluza uwoyela ngemikroskopu. Le mpukane ibeka izibungu zayo kuphela ezitshini zamafutha. Ngenkathi yokukhula, lesi sibungu sikhipha ukudla emafutheni, sikuqobele ezingxenyeni ezidingekayo.
17. "I-Butterfly Effect" igama lesayensi elibolekwe ososayensi kumlobi wezinganekwane zesayensi uRay Bradbury. Enkulumweni yakhe emfushane ethi “Kwafika Ukuduma Kwezulu,” uchaze isimo lapho ukufa kukabhabhalazi owodwa esikhathini esedlule kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi esikhathini esizayo. Emphakathini wezesayensi, leli gama lathandwa ngu-Edward Lorenz. Wakha enye yezinkulumo zakhe maqondana nombuzo wokuthi ukushaywa kophiko lwevemvane eBrazil kungadala isiphepho e-United States. Ngomqondo obanzi, leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi noma umthelela omncane kakhulu ohlelweni olungazinzile olunezinxushunxushu ungaba nemiphumela emikhulu ngokungenantando kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yalolu hlelo noma kuyo yonke. Ekuqapheliseni okukhulu, igama elithi "may" lilahle ngaphandle kwencazelo, futhi umqondo womphumela wevemvane waguqulwa waba "konke kuthinta konke."
18. Ngo-1956, usosayensi waseBrazil uWarwick Kerr waletha ezweni lakhe e-Afrika evela emazweni ase-Afrika izindlovukazi eziningana zezinyosi zase-Afrika. INingizimu Melika ayikaze ibe nezinyosi zayo. Baletha abaseYurophu, kepha ababekezelelanga isimo sezulu esishisayo. Isinqumo sokuwela nazo izinyosi ezinamandla zase-Afrika sasifanelekile, kepha senziwa ngomoya wamabhayisikobho ashibhile waseMelika ngamaphutha abulalayo ososayensi ababefuna okungcono kakhulu ... Ngemuva kokuwela, sathola izinyosi ezinamandla, ezinolaka, ezisheshayo ezinendawo enhle esikhaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba ngephutha, noma ngenxa yobudedengu, izinguquko ezintsha zakhululwa. Abafuyi bezinyosi nabalimi baseBrazil, ababejwayele izinyosi zabo ezivilaphayo, bashaqeka ngabasanda kufika, abahlasela abantu ababengabathandi ngejubane elikhulu, futhi leli qulu elalihlasela lalilikhulu kakhulu kunezinyosi “zasendaweni”. Kwabulawa inqwaba yabantu namakhulu emfuyo. Ingqondo kaProfesa Kerr yaxosha ngokushesha izinyosi zasendaweni futhi yaqala ukusabalala okufana ne-avalanche ngasenyakatho, kwafinyelela e-United States. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bafunda ukuzilawula, futhi iBrazil yaba ngumholi womhlaba wonke ekukhiqizeni uju. Futhi udumo olusabekayo lomdali wezinyosi ezibulalayo lwanamathela kuKerr.
19. Izinambuzane zaziwa ngumuntu kusukela endulo, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi abantu bakuqaphele ukwelashwa kwezinye zazo. Izinzuzo zoju lwezinyosi, ubuthi kanye nepropolis ziyaziwa. Isihlungu sentuthwane silapha ngempumelelo isifo samathambo. Abomdabu base-Australia benza olunye uhlobo lwentuthwane ngohlobo lwetiye, abalusebenzisela ukubalekela imigraines. Amanxeba abolayo aphulukiswa ngokushiya izibungu zezimpukane kuwo - adla izicubu ezithintekile. Iwebhu yayisetshenziswa njengokugqoka okuyinyumba.
20. Izitshalo ezivamile zingathole impova ngezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi. Amakhabe namarunda athumela impova ezinambuzaneni ezihlukene eziyi-147, i-clover - 105, i-alfalfa - 47, i-apula - 32. Kepha kukhona izikhulu eziphezulu embusweni wezitshalo. I-Angrakum sequipedala orchid ikhula esiqhingini saseMadagascar. Imbali yayo ijule kakhulu ngohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwezimvemvane olungafinyelela umpe - iMacrosila morgani. Kulezi zimvemvane, i-proboscis ifinyelela ku-35 cm ubude.