Amaphoyisa aseMelika anempikiswano, njengoba kungenzeka noma iyiphi inhlangano yezomthetho emhlabeni. Amaphoyisa (ababiza kanjalo kungenxa yokuthi uConstable-On-the-Post ofushanisiwe, noma ngenxa yensimbi okwenziwe ngayo amathokheni ezikhulu zokuqala zamaphoyisa, ngoba ithusi ngesiNgisi elithi "copper") abathathi zifumbathiso. Ungabacela izinkomba noma uthole noma isiphi iseluleko ngokwamandla abo. "Basebenza futhi bavikele," babambe futhi bahlukumeze, bavele ezinkantolo futhi bakhiphe inhlawulo emigwaqweni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amaphoyisa ase-United States ayisikhungo esivaliwe emphakathini, ngaphandle kwayo yonke imizamo yalo mphakathi yokwenza umsebenzi wawo ubonakale. Amacala amabi amaphoyisa, avezwa yi-FBI noma izintatheli ezinomqondo, ahlala evela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene. Futhi lapho zivela, kuvela ukuthi inqwaba yabantu iyabandakanyeka emiphakathini yamaphoyisa obugebengu. Izifumbathiso zikumashumi ezigidi zamadola. Kunenqwaba yezisulu ze-mafia ngemifaniswano emnyama. Kodwa amahlazo ayaphela, ezikrinini kuphuma enye ifilimu ephathelene nosizi lomphenyi ojwayelekile, futhi umfana ogqoke ikepisi ophuma emotweni emhlophe-okwesibhakabhaka uphinde abe uphawu lomthetho nokuhleleka. Kunjani empeleni, amaphoyisa aseMelika?
1. Ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, i-United States yadlulisa imithetho eminingi eyaguqula izikhungo zomthetho. Bazama ukuwaqoqa ngaphansi kophahla loMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya okungenani ezingeni likahulumeni. Isebenze kabi - ngaphandle kwe-IMB, izikhulu "zomthetho" zihlala okungenani eminyangweni emi-4: ezokuvikela, ezezimali, ezobulungiswa kanye nomnyango weposi. Emazingeni aphansi, yonke into yahlala injalo: amaphoyisa omuzi / wesifunda, amaphoyisa ombuso, izinhlaka zombuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukho ukuzithoba okuqondile kwemizimba yamaphoyisa. Ukuxhumana ezingeni ovundlile kulawulwa kabi, futhi ukuhamba kwesigebengu esifihlayo esiya kwelinye izwe kuyasiza impela, uma kungenjalo ukugwema umthwalo wemfanelo, ukuhlehlisa. Ngakho-ke, amaphoyisa aseMelika ayizinkulungwane zamayunithi ahlukene, axhumene kuphela ngocingo kanye nemininingwane ejwayelekile.
2. NgokoMnyango Wezibalo waseMelika, kunamaphoyisa angama-807,000 ezweni. Kodwa-ke, le datha ngokusobala ayiphelele: kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezibalo ofanayo, esigabeni esithi "Imisebenzi efanayo", kukhona abezobugebengu abathi, ngokwesibonelo, bayingxenye yohlaka loMnyango Wezangaphakathi eRussia futhi bacatshangelwa ngokulingana nezikhulu zokugada kanye nojenene. Bebonke, bangu-894 877 abantu abasebenza eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi waseRussia.
3. Umholo ophakathi nendawo wephoyisa laseMelika ngo-2017 wawungu- $ 62,900 ngonyaka, noma u- $ 30.17 ngehora. Ngale ndlela, amaphoyisa akhokhelwa isikhathi esengeziwe nge-coefficient ka-1.5, okungukuthi, ihora lesikhathi esengeziwe libiza ngokuphindwe kabili nengxenye. UKhomishana wamaPhoyisa waseLos Angeles uzothola ama- $ 307,291 ngo-2018, kepha emiholweni yamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles aphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso saseMelika - okungenani ama- $ 62,000. Isithombe esifanayo eNew York - iphoyisa elijwayelekile elineminyaka engu-5 lesipiliyoni lenza i-100,000 ngonyaka.
4. Ungaliphindi iphutha elejwayelekile labahumushi bamafilimu, abavame ukubiza amaphoyisa ngokuthi "isikhulu". Isikhundla sabo "siyisikhulu" ngempela, kepha lesi yisikhundla esiphansi kunawo wonke emaphoyiseni, futhi asihambisani nomqondo waseRussia othi "isikhulu". Kunembile ukuthi "iphoyisa" noma umane uthi "iphoyisa". Futhi amaphoyisa nawo anokaputeni nabasekeli, kepha akukho ukuhlukaniswa okusobala kwezizimele nezikhulu - konke kunquma isikhundla.
5. Ukuthambekela kweminyaka yamuva: uma ngaphambi kokusebenza ebusosheni bekuyinto eyengeziwe lapho ungena emaphoyiseni, manje ulwazi lwamaphoyisa luyaziswa lapho wamukelwa ebusosheni. Kwezinye izifundazwe, amaphoyisa, noma esatshiswa ngokuxoshwa, enqaba ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinezinkinga. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kufanele yethule imali eyengeziwe ekhokhwayo. "Ukulwa" kungafika ku- $ 10 ngehora.
6. Amaphoyisa aseMelika enza, lapho eboshwa, afundele lowo oboshiwe amalungelo akhe (okuthiwa yi-Miranda Rule), futhi ifomula ejwayelekile iqukethe amagama ngokunikeza ummeli mahhala. Umthetho awuhloniphi ngandlela thile. Ummeli uzonikezwa kuphela ngaphambi kokuqala kwecala. Ngesikhathi sophenyo lokuqala, awukwazi ukuthola usizo lommeli wamahhala. Futhi uMiranda Rule uqanjwe ngesigebengu esinommeli wakhe okwazi ukusinqamula isigwebo sakhe sisuka eminyakeni engama-30, ethi iklayenti lakhe, ngaphambi kokuba liqale ukubhala amakhasi ayishumi nambili okuvuma ngokungafihli, lalingawaziswa ngamalungelo alo. UMiranda wadonsa iminyaka engu-9, wadedelwa ngoshwele, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emine wagwazwa wabulawa endaweni yokucima ukoma.
U-Ernesto Miranda
Manje oboshiwe uzofundelwa amalungelo akhe
7. E-USA ayikho i-analogue yethu yezikhungo zofakazi. Izinkantolo ziyalithemba izwi lephoyisa, ikakhulukazi ubufakazi obufungelwe. Isijeziso sokulala enkantolo sinzima kakhulu - kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu ejele lase federal.
8. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe amaphoyisa angama-50 manje abulawa yizenzo ezingekho emthethweni ngamabomu ngonyaka. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, isilinganiso samaphoyisa ayi-115 ayefa unyaka nonyaka. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukwehla ngokwamaphoyisa ayi-100,000 (inani e-United States likhula ngokushesha okukhulu) - 7.3 amaphoyisa abulawa ngonyaka alwa nama-24 ngawo-1980.
9. Kodwa amaphoyisa uqobo lwawo abulala kaningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izibalo ezisemthethweni - umnyango ngamunye wamaphoyisa uzimele futhi uhlinzeka ngezibalo ngokwesicelo sobuholi. Ngokwezibalo zabezindaba, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, abantu ababalelwa ku-400 bafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokusebenzisa udlame olwenziwa ngamaphoyisa (hhayi nje ukudubula abaseMelika, kepha nalabo ababulawa wukushaywa ugesi, ngenxa yezinkinga zezempilo ngesikhathi bevalelwe, njll.) Babulawa. Kwabe sekuqala ukwanda okukhulu, futhi manje unyaka abavikeli bomthetho nokuhleleka bathumela cishe abantu abayinkulungwane ezweni elilandelayo.
Ozankosi abasadingeki ...
10. Iphoyisa lokuqala elimnyama e-United States lavela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960 eDanville, eVirginia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungekho ukubandlululwa ekuqashweni - abamnyama ababengenele ukhetho abalupasanga ukhetho lwezemfundo (kepha kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwezemfundo). Manje ukwakheka kwamaphoyisa aseNew York kucishe kufane nokwakheka ngokobuhlanga kwabantu bakuleli dolobha: cishe isigamu samaphoyisa simhlophe, amanye asuka kwabancane. UMnyango Wamaphoyisa waseLos Angeles uxhase iLethal Weapon, ebinamaphoyisa amhlophe nabamnyama asebenza ngababili.
11. Isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yamaphoyisa e-United States yisikhundla sezepolitiki kuphela. Emadolobheni amancane, angahle akhethwe yi-universal suffrage, njengemeya noma amakhansela wedolobha. Kepha esikhathini esiningi inkosi ibekwa imeya. Kwesinye isikhathi ngemvume yomkhandlu wedolobha noma isishayamthetho sombuso, kwesinye isikhathi ngesinqumo sodwa.
12. Imeya yaseNew York njengamanje, uBill de Blasio, ulwa nenkohlakalo yamaphoyisa ngendlela yokuqala. Amaphoyisa ashintsha ubuchwepheshe bawo njalo ezinyangeni ezine. Abaqaphi baba ngabaphenyi, kanti labo, ngokuphambene nalokho, baya kupholisha imigwaqo esezindleleni bese bezijwayeza ukushayela imoto nge "chandelier". IMeya ayinakukwazi lokho - ngenxa yemizamo kaRudolph Giuliani, ubugebengu sebunciphe kakhulu kangangoba uMichael Bloomberg naye ngokunganaki wakhonza amahlandla amabili esihlalweni semeya, nakuDe Blasio, omunye walomusa usasele. Isibalo sobugebengu sanda kancane kancane, kepha izinga lama-1990 okuqala, lapho uGiuliani eqala impi yakhe yobugebengu, lisesekude kakhulu.
UBill de Blasio wazi okuningi ngomsebenzi wamaphoyisa
13. Uhlelo lokuboshwa nokunye okujabulisa izibalo akuyona neze into eyenziwe ngamaphoyisa aseSoviet noma eRussia. Ngo-2015, iphoyisa laseNew York City u-Edward Raymond wenqaba ukwenza uhlelo lwesibalo sababoshiwe esikhishwe abaphathi bakhe. Kwavela ukuthi lesi sibalo sidluliselwa kuwo wonke amaphoyisa asebenza ngokugada, kungakhathalekile ukuthi usebenza kuphi. Emacaleni amancane, abamnyama kuphela ababezoboshwa. Bazamile ukuthulisa icala, kodwa uRaymond umnyama, kanti ukhomishani wamaphoyisa neMeya bamhlophe. Phakathi kwezinxushunxushu zobuhlanga, iziphathimandla kwadingeka zisungule ikhomishini ezophenya, kodwa imiphumela yomsebenzi wayo isalindile.
14. Ukubika kuyisishayo esifanayo kubafana abanezimpawu ezi-octagonal, kanye nozakwabo baseRussia. Ngokwesilinganiso, kuthatha amahora ama-3-4 ukwenza kube semthethweni ukuboshwa okukodwa komuntu owonile. Uma leli cala selifikile ecaleni langempela (futhi cishe ama-5% wamacala eza kulo), kufika izinsuku ezimnyama zephoyisa.
15. Umthwalo emaphoyiseni mkhulu impela, ngakho-ke wonke lamahhashi ahamba ngezimoto anezibani ezikhanyayo, ajwayelekile kumafilimu, afakwa ocingweni kuphela uma kunesimo "esiphuthumayo" - isimo esiphuthumayo. Isibonelo, bashaya emnyango wakho njengamanje, njll. Uma ufonela ukuthi kukhona okuntshontshelwe wena ungekho, abashadikazi abambalwa bazofika kancane, mhlawumbe hhayi namuhla.
16. Amaphoyisa athatha umhlalaphansi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20 esebenza, kepha cishe ama-70% wamaphoyisa awaqedi ukuthatha umhlalaphansi. Baya emabhizinisini, ezokuphepha, amasosha noma izinkampani ezizimele zamasosha. Kepha uma uqeda ukukhonza, uthola i-80% yomholo.
17. E-USA kuneNhlangano yezikhulu ezikhuluma isiRashiya. Kunabantu abangaba ngu-400 kuwo. Kuyiqiniso, akubona bonke abasebenza emaphoyiseni - iNhlangano futhi yamukela izikhulu zezinye izinhlaka zokuphoqelela umthetho ngama- $ 25 ngonyaka.
18. Amaphoyisa athola izigaba ezintsha zobudala emabuthweni akhethekile. Amaphoyisa ajwayelekile afuna ukukhushulelwa ezikhundleni alinde izikhala, afake izicelo, abhale izivivinyo futhi alinde imiphumela kanye nabanye abafake izicelo abayishumi nambili. Futhi ngeke ukwazi ukudlulisela endaweni engenamuntu yenhloko yesigaba esingumakhelwane - ngesikhathi sokudluliswa, konke okutholile kulahlekile, kuzofanela uqale phansi.
19. Abomthetho baseMelika bavunyelwe ukuthola imali ohlangothini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emaphoyiseni ase-hinterland. Ukuxhaswa kwamaphoyisa akuhlukaniswa nganoma iyiphi indlela - ukuthi umasipala wabele malini, kuzoba malini. E-Los Angeles efanayo, isabelomali somnyango wamaphoyisa singaphansi kwama- $ 2 billion. Futhi kwezinye i-Iowa, inhloko yomnyango izothola ama-30,000 ngonyaka futhi ijabule ngokuthi konke kushibhile lapha kunaseNew York. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni eFlorida (hhayi nje izindawo zokungcebeleka), umphathi wamaphoyisa angakhokhela isikhulu incwadi ebhaliwe yokufaka isigqebhezana esingu- $ 20 endaweni yokudlela eseduze.
20. Ngo-2016, owayeyiphoyisa uJohn Dugan wabalekela eRussia esuka e-United States. Unomqondo ophakeme wobulungiswa, nanjengowaseMelika. Ngenkathi esebenza endaweni yokubuka izigidigidi ePalm Beach, wagxeka konke ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa ayekwazi. Waxoshwa ngokushesha emsebenzini wakhe, futhi inyunyana yamaphoyisa edumile ayizange isize. USheriff Bradshaw waba yisitha sikaDugan. Uphenyo ngeziqephu zomphenyi othola ukufumbathiswa kosopolitiki nosomabhizinisi kungabukeka kuxaka ngisho nakwifilimu yaseHollywood. Leli cala alizange liphenywe hhayi ngamaphoyisa noma i-FBI, kodwa likhomishini ekhethekile yabahlali basePalm Beach nabaphathi bezepolitiki. UBradshaw utholakale engenacala ngenxa yokuthi, ngokwesitatimende sakhe, ubengazi ngokungemthetho kwalezi zenzo. UDugan akazange ehlise umoya, futhi wenza iwebhusayithi ekhethekile, enxusa ukuthi amthumelele amaqiniso ezenzo ezingekho emthethweni zezikhulu zomthetho. Igagasi lolwazi lamshaya livela kulo lonke elaseMelika, futhi kungaleso sikhathi lapho i-FBI yaqala khona ukunyakaza. UDugan ubekwe icala lokugenca nokusabalalisa okungekho emthethweni kwemininingwane yomuntu. Iphoyisa langaphambili landizela eCanada ngejet yangasese futhi lafika eMoscow nge-Istanbul. Waba ngowaseMelika wesine ukuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki kwase kuba yisakhamuzi saseRussia.
