UVasily Makarovich Shukshin (1929 - 1974) wadlula esibhakabhakeni sesiko laseRussia njengemeteor. Emuva ngo-1958, wayengumfundi ongaziwa we-VGIK, futhi eminyakeni nje eyi-15 kamuva izincwadi zakhe zanyatheliswa ngezigidi zamakhophi, futhi abalingisi abadume kakhulu bazama ukudlala kumafilimu akhe.
Ezincwadini, lapho kufakwa kuhlu lwemisebenzi kaVasily Shukshin, i-cinema cishe ihlala ifakwa endaweni yokuqala, ngoba ukuqashelwa kwezilaleli nemiklomelo eyinhloko kuye kuye ngqo ngokulingisa nokuqondisa. Kodwa yena Shukshin wazibheka ngokuyinhloko umbhali. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokudinga kwakhe okuphezulu ebhayisikobho, lapho, ngesikhathi sekhefu ngesikhathi sokuqoshwa kwefilimu eyodwa, kwakudingeka andize aye kwesinye, waphupha ngokushiya izwe lakubo iSrostki unyaka wonke futhi wahlanganyela ngokubhala kuphela.
Maye, akazange asebenze yedwa. Ezempilo, utshwala, zibukelwe phansi ebuntwaneni nasebusheni, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, uhlelo olunzima kakhulu lomsebenzi aluzange luvumele amakhono kaShukshin ukuthi aziveze ngokugcwele. Kepha noma eminyakeni engama-45 anikezwe yona, ukwazile ukwenza okuningi.
- Ngo-1929 izibulo wazalwa emndenini Makar noMaria Shukshin, ogama lakhe Vasily. Umndeni wawuhlala emzaneni omkhulu wama-Altai eSrostki. Ubaba wayecindezelwe ngeminyaka enzima yama-1930. Ngemuva kwempi, umama wavuma kuVasily ukuthi uyazi ukuthi ngubani owanyundela umyeni wakhe, kepha igama lomkhwabanisi akazange alisho.
- Ubusha bukaVasily bawela eminyakeni yempi. Vele, impi ayizange ifinyelele e-Altai, kepha kwakudingeka ukuthi kubulawe indlala futhi kuthathe kancane ukusebenza kanzima. Umbhali ukhuluma kahle ngazo ezindabeni zakhe. Kwesinye sazo, izingane zilala etafuleni ngisho nangesikhathi lapho umama wazo epheka uhlobo lwedombolo - isibiliboco esingakaze sibonwe.
- UShukshin yena wayeseyibhungu elinzima. Izimpi, ubudlwangudlwangu, ubuqili obungapheli, nakho konke lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kokulangazelela okukhulu ubulungiswa, ngisho nangeminyaka yakhe. Wathukwa ngumakhelwane wakhe - uVasily wahlola ingulube yakhe futhi wakhipha amehlo engulube ngesihlilingi. Ontanga bakuthole kanjani, futhi akukho okungakusho.
- UVasily wayekuthanda kakhulu ukufunda, futhi wayefunda ngentshiseko yonke into eyayiseduze, ngokwesibonelo, izincwajana zika-Academician Lysenko. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kuthinte ukusebenza kwakhe kwesikole nganoma iyiphi indlela. Waphothula esikoleni seminyaka eyisikhombisa ngobunzima obukhulu.
- Kwaphela unyaka nesigamu le nsizwa yafunda esikoleni sezimoto zobuchwepheshe, esashiya ngezizathu ezithile ezingaziwa. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi umama wakhe ubephatheke kabi kakhulu, futhi abantu bendawo baqiniseka ngobuze "bokungabi nobaba" - ngaleso sikhathi umngcwabo wawusufikile kukayise omncane.
- Ngo-1946, Shukshin waphinde washiya edolobhaneni lakubo. Lapha kuvela igebe elingaqondakali kodwa nelithakazelisayo ku-biography yakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1947 wathola umsebenzi eKaluga. Wenzani uVasily isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka futhi wathwalwa kanjani esuka eSiberia ayiswa eKaluga? Abanye ababhali bama-biographer bakholelwa ukuthi uShukshin waxhumana neqembu lezigelekeqe walishiya ngobunzima obukhulu, futhi indaba yonke yaba yinto ka "Kalina Krasnaya". U-Igor Khutsiev, ongubaba wakhe uMarlene owadubula ifilimu ethi "Two Fyodors" noShukshin endimeni yokulingisa, ukhumbule ukuthi wabona i-tattoo eyisimo sommese waseFinland engalweni "kaMalume Vasya". Kamuva, uShukshin wehlisa le tattoo.
- Ngemuva kweKaluga, lapho asebenza khona njengomuntu osebenza esizeni lapho kwakhiwa khona, uVasily waya eVladimir. Wayesebenza njengomakhenikha wezimoto - kodwa wakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluthile esikoleni sobuchwepheshe. Usebenze ngokusobala ngoba ihhovisi lokubhaliswa kwezempi lamthumela esikoleni sezindiza. Kodwa endleleni, lo mfana ulahlekelwe yimibhalo yonke. Kwakuyihlazo ukubuyela emuva, futhi uShukshin waqala umbuthano omusha wokuzulazula.
- Edolobheni laseButovo esifundeni saseMoscow, uShukshin wasebenza njengomfundi womdwebi. Kanye ngempelasonto, waya eMoscow lapho wahlangana ngephutha nomqondisi wefilimu u-Ivan Pyriev. Ebona umuntu wakubo ngenkulumo yakhe, uPyriev wamhudulela ekhaya lakhe ukuyophuza itiye. Ngaphambilini emadolobheni, uVasily wabhekana nokuhlukunyezwa okuvulekile ngokumelene "nabalimi abahlangene", kepha lapha umqondisi odumile ummemela ekhaya lakhe, kanti esinye isihlabani se-movie uMarina Ladynina uthela itiye. Umhlangano, empeleni, ungene shi emphefumulweni kaShukshin, ngoba bese kunesikhathi ebhala izindaba futhi efuna ukuba ngumculi.
- Njengabafana abaningi kuleyo minyaka, ibutho, kuyena, insizakalo yemikhumbi yasiza uShukshin ukuthi azinze. Abasebenza olwandle baseChernomorets bathola okukhethekile kwe-opharetha ye-radiotelegraph futhi bazilungiselela kahle izivivinyo zezifundo zeminyaka eyishumi. Isilonda sesisu saba yinkokhelo. Ngenxa yakhe, uVasily wakhululwa, ngenxa yakhe, kwakudingeka aye esibhedlela kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe.
- Ebuyela esigodini sakubo, uVasily wathola umsebenzi esikoleni sakusihlwa futhi cishe ngokushesha waba ngumqondisi waso. UShukshin ubemi kahle kakhulu, izinto zakhe zishicilelwe ephephandabeni lesifunda, othisha bamukelwa njengobamele ubulungu beqembu.
Nabasebenzi besikole
- UShukshin wahlela ukushintsha okusha empilweni yakhe ngo-1954, lapho eya eMoscow ukuyongena e-Literary Institute. Wayengazi ukuthi ukuze amukelwe njengombhali, umuntu kwakudingeka ukuthi ashicilele imisebenzi, noma athumele imisebenzi yakhe esikhungweni kusengaphambili, ukuze kuphumelele umncintiswano wobuciko. Ngokunjalo, abawamukelanga amadokhumende akhe.
Yehlulekile i-alma mater
- Ngemuva kokuthola ithuba esangweni le-Literary Institute, uShukshin wanquma ukuzama inhlanhla eVGIK. Lapho, ngokunokwenzeka, naye wayezobhekana nokwehluleka, uma kungenjalo ngesihlungi sokukhetha esingeziwe eseyi-eseyi. UShukshin wabhala kahle kakhulu, wabe esethanda uMikhail Romm, futhi wabhaliswa esikhungweni soMnyango Wezokuqondisa.
Isakhiwo se-VGIK. Shukshin - uhleli
- Ku-VGIK, umfana waseSiberia wafunda nabaqondisi abaningi abadumile nabalingisi bakusasa. U-Alexander Mitta ukhumbule ukuthi uShukshin wayengazi nokuthi kunomsebenzi womqondisi. Ngokubona kwakhe, kwakukhona ukuxhumana okwanele phakathi kwabalingisi komdlalo.
- Ngokushesha nje lapho ebona uShukshin, owayengakajwayele kuye, ehamba e-Odessa, uMarlen Khutsiev wanquma ukuthi umlingisi uzomfanela nendima enkulu efilimu ethi "Two Fyodors". Umqondisi kuze kwadingeka alwe kancane nozakwabo, kepha uShukshin ubedlala ku- "Fedory", futhi ngempumelelo enkulu.
Kwifilimu ethi "Two Fyodors"
- Ku-premiere ye- "Two Fedorov" umlingisi wendima enkulu akakwazanga ukuthola. UShukshin wayenobuthakathaka obaziwayo botshwala, kepha kulokhu wenza nengxabano. U-Hhutsyev ngokwakhe kwakudingeka ahlenge lo mlingisi emaphoyiseni, futhi inhloko yomnyango ayizange ifune ukukhulula uShukshin isikhathi eside ngokunembile ngoba wayengumlingisi. Bekufanele ngimeme iphoyisa ku-premiere.
- Ngo-Agasti 1958, indaba yokuqala ka-V. Shukshin, enesihloko esithi “Ababili Enqoleni”, yavela kuNombolo 15 kamagazini i-Smena. Ngokusho kukaShukshin, wathumela izindaba zakhe “kumlandeli” izindaba ezahlukahlukene, futhi lapho zibuya, wavele washintsha ikheli lokuhlela emvilophini.
- Ifilimu ethi “From Lebyazhye Inform” ozakwabo bakaShukshin ihlolwe ngendlela engaqondakali. Abaningi abathandi iqiniso lokuthi uVasily wadlala indima enkulu emcimbini wakhe, wayengumqondisi nomlobi wesikrini. Futhi ngo-1961, ifilimu yayilula. Wonke umuntu oseduze wayefuna izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula, nansi indaba yekomidi leqembu lesifunda kanye nempi yokulwela isivuno ...
- Ngaphandle kokuthi uShukshin wayesengumlingisi odumile, wayengenayo imvume yokuhlala eMoscow kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-1962. Wakwazi ukuthenga izindlu zakhe enhlokodolobha ngo-1965 kuphela.
- Ehlobo lika-1963, uShukshin waba ngumbhali "wangempela" - incwadi yashicilelwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esijwayelekile esithi "Abahlali Basemaphandleni", okubandakanya zonke izindaba zakhe ezazishicilelwe ngaphambilini.
- Ukuqala kokuqondisa kukaShukshin kwakuyifilimu ethi “Umuntu onjalo uyaphila”. UShukshin ubhale lo mbhalo ngokususelwa ezindabeni zakhe. Indima enkulu yadlalwa nguLeonid Kuravlyov, umqondisi owaba naye abangane kusethi yefilimu "Lapho izihlahla bezinkulu". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Shukshin wabhekisela opharetha Valery Ginzburg.
- Ifilimu ethi "such a Guy Lives" iwine umklomelo we-All-Union Film Festival njengomdlalo wamahlaya ohamba phambili nomklomelo weVenice Festival njengefilimu ehamba phambili yezingane. Yomibili le miklomelo icasule umqondisi ngokuphelele - uShukshin akazange abheke ifilimu yakhe njengamahlaya.
- Ifilimu "Kukhona umfana onjalo" kuvele ukuthi ungowokuqala futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu esilandelayo. Kwakuyisithombe sokuqala saseSoviet abanquma ukusikhombisa nokuxoxa nabantu abavamile ngaphambi kokuqashwa. KwakuseVoronezh, kanti uShukshin wayekhathazeke kakhulu kulo mhlangano kunangaphambi kokukhonjiswa kozakwabo kozakwabo.
- Ngo-1965, kwanyatheliswa umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wokubhala kaVasily Shukshin - inoveli ethi "The Lyubavins". Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa yindlu yokushicilela "Umlobi waseSoviet". Ngaphambi kwalokhu, le noveli yashicilelwa ezindabeni ezintathu zomagazini "Izibani ZaseSiberia".
- Kumashothi wokuvula wefilimu "Amabhentshi Esitofu" ungabona isidlali se-virtuoso balalaika. Lo ngumuntu wangempela ogama lakhe linguFyodor Teletskikh. Ubedume kakhulu e-Altai Territory kangangokuba ukuze aqinisekise ukufika kwakhe emshadweni, usuku lomshado lahlehliswa. Cishe yonke ifilimu yaqoshwa ezindaweni zomdabu zaseShukshin e-Altai.
- Ngesikhathi sokuqala kukaRed Kalina, uShukshin wayesasesibhedlela enesilonda esiswini esifanayo. Kepha wayekhona ku-premiere - incognito, egqoke ingubo yasesibhedlela wayecashe ngemuva kwekholomu. UKalina Krasnaya, ngaphezu kothando olukhulu lwezethameli, uthole umklomelo omkhulu we-All-Union Film Festival.
- Ubudlelwano bukaShukshin nabesifazane babunzima. Uqale washada eSrostki, kepha abasanda kushada benqaba ukuya eMoscow ngamathemba angacacile khona ehhovisi lokubhalisa. UVasily, ukuze abhalise umshado omusha noVictoria Sofronova, indodakazi yombhali odumile, waphonsa ipasipoti yakudala futhi wathola entsha, kodwa engenalo uphawu lomshado. Lo mshado wawufushane futhi, kodwa okungenani uVictoria wayenendodakazi. Nokho, lokhu kwenzeka lapho Vasily Makarovich wayesevele eshade actress Lydia Chashchina. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1964. Ngemuva kwesikhashana ngonyaka ofanayo, uthando lukaShukshin noLidiya Fedoseeva lwaqala - badlala kwifilimu efanayo. Kwaphela isikhathi esithile Shukshin wayehlala sengathi ezindlini ezimbili, kodwa ke namanje waya Fedoseeva. Babenamadodakazi amabili, kamuva ababa ngabalingisi.
NoLidiya Fedoseeva-Shukshina namadodakazi
- UVasily Shukshin wabulawa yisifo senhliziyo ngo-Okthoba 2, 1974. Wayesesethi yefilimu ethi "Balwela Izwe Lomama", ingxenye yabasebenzi befilimu ababehlala esikebheni somfula. UShukshin nomngani wakhe uGeorgy Burkov - amakamelo abo abeseduze - balala ekuseni ngakusasa. Ebusuku uShukshin uvuke wavusa uBurkov - inhliziyo yakhe ibuhlungu. Kwezidakamizwa, ngaphandle kwamaconsi e-validol noZelenin, kwakungekho lutho emkhunjini. UShukshin wabonakala elele, kwathi ngakusasa ekuseni uBurkov wamthola eseshonile.
- Ngemuva kokushona kukaShukshin, kwafika izincwadi zokudlulisa amazwi eziyizi-160 000 zivela kubafundi bamaphephandaba nomagazini. Kushicilelwe izinkondlo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngokufa kukaVasily Makarovich.
- Izinkulungwane zabantu bezihambele umngcwabo wombhali ovelele, umqondisi nomlingisi ngo-Okthoba 6. Abaningi baletha amagatsha we-viburnum ebomvu, engagcini nje ngokumboza ithuna, kodwa futhi yaphakama entabeni phezu kwayo.
- Ngo-1967, uShukshin waklonyeliswa nge-Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, wathola umklomelo wombuso we-RSFSR. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uShukshin waklonyeliswa nge-USSR State Prize. Wathola uMklomelo kaLenin ngemuva kokufa
