Amakhulu ezincwadi nezinkulungwane zezindatshana zibhaliwe ngomlando weLondon. Kepha ingxenye enkulu, le misebenzi ibheka ezombusazwe, kaningi - umlando wezomnotho noma wokwakhiwa kwenhlokodolobha yaseBrithani. Singathola kalula ukuthi iyiphi inkosi eyakhiwa le ndlu noma leso sigodlo, noma ngabe yikuphi okulandelanayo ngale nto noma leyo mpi edolobheni.
Kodwa kukhona enye indaba, njengomhlaba ocashe ngemuva kwendwangu ku- "The Adventures of Pinocchio". Omnumzane bokuqala, abadunyiswa yizincwadi, empeleni bazungeza iLondon, bevika ngenkuthalo izinqwaba zomquba futhi begwema ukubhoboka kodaka oluphakanyiswe ngamakalishi. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuphefumula edolobheni ngenxa yentuthu nenkungu, futhi izindlu ezivaliwe cishe zazingavumeli ukukhanya kwelanga kudlule. Idolobha lishe langqongqa kaningi, kepha lakhiwa kabusha emigwaqweni yakudala ukuze liphinde lishe futhi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso afanayo nalawo afanayo, hhayi awokubukisa kakhulu avela emlandweni weLondon kuvezwe kuloludaba.
1. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 eyedlule, esizeni seLondon yanamuhla, amagagasi olwandle aqhuma. Iziqhingi zaseBrithani zakhiwa ngenxa yokwanda kwengxenye yoqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ematsheni ezakhiwo ezindala, ungabona iminonjana yezitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane. Futhi ekujuleni komhlaba eduze kwaseLondon, kutholakala amathambo oshaka nezingwenya.
2. Ngokwesiko, umlando waseLondon uqala ngokuhlasela kwamaRoma, yize abantu bebehlala eThames engezansi kusukela ngeMesolithic. Lokhu kufakazelwa okutholwe abavubukuli.
3. Udonga lwaseLondon luvale indawo engamahektare angama-330 - cishe amahektha angama-130. Umjikelezo wayo ungadlula cishe ngehora. Ezansi, udonga lwalungamamitha ama-3 ububanzi, nokuphakama kwalo kwakungu-6.
I-Londinium
4. ILondon ngezinsuku zeRoma lasendulo laliyidolobha elikhulu (elingaphezu kuka-30,000), idolobha elihweba kahle. Ngekusasa, kwakhiwa udonga lomuzi olusha, oluhlanganisa indawo enkulu. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo, ngisho nangesikhathi sikaHenry II, kwakukhona indawo yamapulazi nezivini.
5. Ngemuva kwamaRoma, idolobha lagcina ukubaluleka kwalo njengesikhungo sokuphatha nokuhweba, kodwa ubukhulu baso bangaphambili baqala ukonakala kancane kancane. Izakhiwo zamatshe zathathelwa indawo ngokhuni, olwaluhlala luhlushwa imililo. Noma kunjalo, ukubaluleka kweLondon akuzange kuphikiswe yinoma ngubani, futhi kunoma ibaphi abahlaseli, leli dolobha lalingumklomelo omkhulu. Ngenkathi amaDanes enqoba idolobha nezwe elizungezile ngekhulu lesi-9, iNkosi u-Alfred kwadingeka ibanikeze umhlaba obalulekile empumalanga yeLondon ngenhloso yokuthola inhlokodolobha.
6. Ngo-1013 abakwaDanes baphinde banqoba iLondon. AbaseNorway, ababebizelwe usizo yiKing Ethelred, babhubhisa iLondon Bridge ngendlela yokuqala. Babophela imikhumbi yabo eminingi ezinsikeni zebhuloho, balinda amagagasi futhi bakwazi ukudiliza umthambo omkhulu wezokuthutha wedolobha. U-Ethelred ubuyise inhlokodolobha, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iBhuloho laseLondon lakhiwa ngamatshe, futhi lahlala iminyaka engaphezu kuka-600.
7. Ngokwesiko eselikhona kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuze kube yilolu suku, eNkantolo yoMgcinimafa, abanikazi bezakhiwo eziseduze bakhokha intela ngezinsimbi zamahhashi nezipikili zebhuthi.
8. I-Westminster Abbey iqukethe isihlabathi esivela eNtabeni iSinayi, isibhebhe esivela emkhombeni kaJesu, umhlaba osuka eKalvari, igazi likaKristu, izinwele zikaSt. Peter nomunwe kaSt. Ngokwenganekwane, ngobusuku bangaphambi kokugcotshwa kwesonto lokuqala elakhiwe esizeni se-abbey, uSanta Peter wavela endodeni eyayidoba emfuleni. Wacela umdobi ukuthi amhambise aye ethempelini. Lapho uPeter ewela umkhawulo wesonto, kukhanya ngokukhanya kwamakhandlela ayinkulungwane.
I-Westminster Abbey
9. Amakhosi ahlala ezama ukukhawulela ukuzimela kweLondon (idolobha lalinesikhundla esikhethekile kusukela ngezikhathi zamaRoma). Abantu bakuleli dolobha abahlali ezikweletini. Ngenkathi iNkosi uJohn yethula izintela ezintsha futhi yabela izindawo eziningi zomphakathi kanye nesakhiwo ngo-1216, abantu basemadolobheni abacebile baqongelela imali eningi futhi baletha uPrince Louis waseFrance ukuba abekwe esikhundleni sikaJohn. Akuzange kuguqulwe inkosi - uJohn wafa ngokufa kwemvelo, indodana yakhe uHenry III waba yinkosi, futhi uLouis wabuyiselwa ekhaya.
10. Ngekhulu le-13, kwakukhona abakhongi abangama-2 000 kubantu abangu-40 000 eLondon.
11. Isibalo sabantu baseLondon kuwo wonke umlando wedolobha sikhuphukile hhayi ngenxa yokwanda kwemvelo, kodwa ngenxa yokufika kwezakhamizi ezintsha. Izimo zokuphila edolobheni zazingakulungeli ukukhula kwemvelo kwabantu. Imindeni enezingane eziningi yayingavamile.
12. Uhlelo lwezijeziso ngeNkathi Ephakathi lwaba ngundabamlonyeni, naseLondon ngokunqanyulwa kwezindlela zokugcina nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zesigwebo sentambo akuzange kube njalo. Kodwa izigebengu zazinegebe - zazingaphephela kwelinye lamasonto izinsuku ezingama-40. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, isigebengu singaphenduka futhi, esikhundleni sokubulawa, sithole ukuxoshwa kuphela edolobheni.
13. Izinsimbi zaseLondon bezikhala ngaphandle kokushaya iwashi, hhayi ukukhumbula noma yimuphi umcimbi, nangaphandle kokubizela abantu enkonzweni. Noma yimuphi umhlali wedolobha angakhuphuka kunoma iyiphi insimbi bese ehlela umculo wakhe. Abanye abantu, ikakhulukazi abasha, babebiza amahora amaningi ngesikhathi. Izakhamizi zaseLondon zazijwayele isizinda esizwakalayo, kepha abokufika babengakhululekile.
14. Ngo-1348, lesi sifo saqothula abantu baseLondon cishe isigamu. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11, ukuhlaselwa kwafika futhi edolobheni. Kuze kube yingxenye yamazwe omuzi ayengenalutho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi wezisebenzi ezazisinda wahlonishwa kakhulu kangangokuba bakwazi ukuthuthela enkabeni yedolobha. Inhlupho enkulu ngo-1665 ngokwemigomo yamaphesenti ayizange ibulale kakhulu, kuphela abantu abangu-20% abafa, kodwa ngokulinganisa, izinga lokufa kwaba ngabantu abangu-100,000.
15. Umlilo Omkhulu waseLondon ngo-1666 wawungehlukile. Kuphela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-13 leminyaka idolobha lashiswa ngesilinganiso esikhulu izikhathi eziyi-15. Ezikhathini zangaphambili noma zakamuva, imililo nayo yayijwayelekile. Umlilo ka-1666 waqala lapho ubhadane lwezifo lwalusanda kuqala ukuphela. Iningi lezakhamizi ezisindile zaseLondon bezingenamakhaya. Ukushisa kwelangabi kwakuphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba insimbi yancibilika. Isibalo sabantu abashonile besiphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ngoba umlilo uqale kancane kancane. Abampofu abasafufusa babekwazi ngisho nokuthola imali ngokuthwala baphinde bathuthe impahla yabacebile ababalekayo. Ukuqasha inqola kungabiza amashumi amakhilogremu ngesilinganiso esijwayelekile ephindwe izikhathi ezingama-800.
Umlilo Omkhulu waseLondon
16. ILondon yangenkathi ephakathi yayiyidolobha lamasonto. Kwakunamasonto angu-126 kuphela, futhi kwakukhona inqwaba yezindela namasonto. Kwakunemigwaqo embalwa kakhulu lapho wawungeke uthole isonto noma isigodlo sezindela.
17. Kakade ngo-1580, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth yakhipha isimemezelo esikhethekile, esasichaza ukugcwala kwabantu eLondon (ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abantu abayi-150-200,000 edolobheni). Isimemezelo savimbela noma yikuphi ukwakhiwa okusha edolobheni futhi ebangeni lamamayela ama-3 ukusuka kunoma yimaphi amasango wedolobha. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi lesi sinqumo asizange sishaywe mkhuba kusukela sakhishwa.
18. Ngokwencazelo exakayo ngomunye wabafokazi, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zomgwaqo eLondon - udaka oluwuketshezi nothuli. Ngokunjalo, izindlu nabantu abadlulayo nabo babembozwe ngongqimba lothuli noma uthuli. Ukungcola kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo ngekhulu le-19, lapho amalahle ayesetshenziselwa ukufudumeza. Kweminye imigwaqo, umule nomsizi kwakudliwa kakhulu esitinini kangangokuba kwakunzima ukuqonda ukuthi umgwaqo uphela kuphi futhi nendlu iqala kuphi, yonke into ibimnyama futhi ingcolile.
19. Ngo-1818 ibhasikidi laqhuma eHorseshoe Brewery. Kwaphuma cishe amathani angama-45 kabhiya. Umfudlana ukhukhulele abantu, izinqola, izindonga nezindlu zangaphansi ezigcwala amanzi, abantu abayi-8 bacwile.
20. Ngekhulu le-18, izingulube ezingu-190,000, amankonyane angama-60,000, izimvu ezingama-70,000 namathani angaba ngu-8 000 eshizi adliwa minyaka yonke eLondon. Ngomsebenzi ongenamakhono uhola u-6p ngosuku, ihansi elibosiwe libiza u-7p, amaqanda ayishumi nambili noma izinyoni ezincane 1p, nomlenze wengulube 3p. Izinhlanzi nokunye ukuphila kwasolwandle kwakushibhile kakhulu.
Imakethe eLondon
21. Ukufana kokuqala ezitolo ezinkulu zesimanje kwakuyiStoko Market, eyavela eLondon ngo-1283. Izinhlanzi, inyama, amakhambi, izinongo, ukudla kwasolwandle kwakuthengiswa eduze, futhi kwakukholakala ukuthi imikhiqizo eyayikhona yayisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.
22. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, isikhathi sasemini eLondon besilokhu siqhubekela phambili. Ngekhulu le-15, badla ngo-10 ekuseni. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, babedla ngo-8 noma ngo-9 ntambama. Abanye abashisekeli bokuziphatha bathi leli qiniso libangelwa ukwehla kwesimilo.
23. Abesifazane baqala ukuvakashela izindawo zokudlela zaseLondon kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho lezi zikhungo ziqala ukufana nalezi esizijwayele. Umculo ezindaweni zokudlela waqala ukuzwakala kuphela ngawo-1920.
24. Usaziwayo omkhulu waseLondon ngekhulu le-18 kwakunguJack Shepherd. Waduma ngokukwazi ukweqa ejele elibi laseNewgate amahlandla ayisithupha. Leli jele laliwuphawu olujwayelekile lweLondon kangangokuba kwaba yisakhiwo sokuqala somphakathi esikhulu ukwakhiwa kabusha ngemuva koMlilo Omkhulu. Ukuthandwa kukaSheper kwakukukhulu kangangokuba izikhulu zeKhomishini Yokuqashwa Kwezingane zavuma kabuhlungu ukuthi izingane zabampofu zazingazi ukuthi ngubani uMose nokuthi indlovukazi ibusa ini eNgilandi, kodwa babeyazi kahle imikhuba kaMelusi.
25. Amaphoyisa asenkampanini, iScotland Yard edumile, avele eLondon kwaze kwaba ngu-1829. Ngaphambi kwalokho, amaphoyisa nabaseshi bebesebenza ngokwehlukana ezifundeni zedolobha, kanti neziteshi zokuvota bezivele zenziwe ngumuntu.
26. Kuze kwaba ngo-1837, izigebengu ezazenza amacala amancane, njengokuthengisa izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphansi, ukusabalalisa amahemuhemu angamanga noma ukukhwabanisa okuncane, zazibekwa endaweni yokubeka izinsimbi. Isikhathi sokujeziswa sasifushane - amahora ambalwa. Izethameli bekuyinkinga. Babeka kusengaphambili ngamaqanda abolile noma inhlanzi, izithelo nemifino ebolile, noma ngamatshe nje futhi ngenkuthalo babaphosa kwabalahliwe.
27. Izimo zokungahlanzeki zahlasela iLondon kuyo yonke impilo yayo ngemuva kokuhamba kwamaRoma. Iminyaka eyinkulungwane, zazingekho izindlu zangasese zomphakathi edolobheni - zaqala ukuhlelwa futhi ngekhulu le-13 kuphela. Ama-Kites ayeyizinyoni ezingcwele - zazingabulawa, ngoba zazimunca udoti, izidumbu kanye nokungcola. Ukujeziswa nokuhlawuliswa akuzange kusize. Imakethe yasiza ngomqondo obanzi wegama. Ngekhulu le-18, umanyolo waqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kwezolimo futhi kancane kancane izinqwaba ze-fetid ezivela eLondon zanyamalala. Futhi uhlelo lokuhambisa indle olusendaweni eyodwa lwasetshenziswa kuphela ngawo-1860s.
28. Kukhulunywa okokuqala ngezindawo zezifebe eLondon kusukela ngekhulu le-12. Ukufeba kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo kanye nedolobha. Ngisho nasekhulwini le-18, elithathwa njengelimsulwa neliphambili ngenxa yezincwadi, izifebe ezingama-80,000 zabo bobabili abesilisa nabesilisa zazisebenza eLondon. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubungqingili babujeziswa ngokufa.
29. Isiphithiphithi esikhulu kunazo zonke senzeka eLondon ngo-1780 ngemuva kokuthi iPhalamende lishaye umthetho ovumela amaKhatholika ukuthi athenge umhlaba. Kwakubonakala sengathi lonke iLondon lalibamba iqhaza ekuvukeleni. Umuzi wagcwala ukuhlanya. Abavukeli bashise inqwaba yamabhilidi okubalwa kuwo nejele laseNewgate. Ingaphezulu kuka-30 imililo eyokheleke kanyekanye edolobheni. Ukuhlubuka kwaphela uqobo, iziphathimandla zazingabopha kuphela izihlubuki ezafika.
30. ILondon Underground - endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukuhamba kwezitimela kuso kwaqala ngo-1863. Kuze kube ngo-1933, imigqa yayakhiwe izinkampani ezizimele ezahlukahlukene, futhi kulapho kuphela uMnyango Wezokuthutha Abagibeli wabaletha ohlelweni olulodwa.
