Sekuyiminyaka eminingana intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone idala impikiswano esebenzayo phakathi kososayensi nokwesaba emehlweni ezakhamizi ezijwayelekile zomhlaba. Le caldera itholakala e-United States, akunandaba ukuthi ikusiphi isimo, ngoba ingabhubhisa isizwe sonke ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Izibikezelo mayelana nokuqhuma okusolwayo ziyashintsha kaninginingi ngokufika kwemininingwane emisha ngokuziphatha kwezimo zemvelo endaweni yaseYellowstone Park, kepha izindaba zakamuva zikwenza ucabange ngekusasa lawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni.
Yini ekhetheke kangaka ngeYellowstone Volcano?
I-Yellowstone Caldera akuyona intaba-mlilo ejwayelekile, ngoba ukuqhuma kwayo kufana nokuqhuma kwamabhomu enuzi angamakhulu. Kungumgodi ojulile oqukethe i-magma futhi embozwe ungqimba lomlotha oluqinile kusukela ngomsebenzi wokugcina. Indawo yalesi silo semvelo icishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezine zamamitha-skwele. km. Ukuphakama kwentaba-mlilo kungamamitha angama-2805, ububanzi bomgodi kunzima ukuwulinganisela, ngoba, ngokusho kososayensi, welula amakhulu amakhilomitha.
Lapho i-Yellowstone ivuka, kuzoqala inhlekelele yangempela emhlabeni wonke. Umhlaba endaweni esemgodini uzohamba ngokuphelele ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi i-magma bubble izondizela phezulu. Ukugeleza okushisayo kwedwala kuzomboza insimu ngamakhulu amakhilomitha, ngenxa yalokho zonke izinto eziphilayo ezizobhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo ngeke sibe lula, njengoba uthuli namagesi entaba-mlilo ezothatha indawo enkudlwana. Umlotha omncane, uma ungena emaphashini, uzophazamisa ukuphefumula, ngemuva kwalokho abantu bazoya kwelinye izwe ngokushesha. Izingozi eNyakatho Melika ngeke zigcine lapho, njengoba amathuba okuzamazama komhlaba nama-tsunami angabhubhisa amakhulu amadolobha akhula.
Imiphumela yokuqhuma izothinta umhlaba wonke, njengoba ukuqoqwa komhwamuko ovela entabeni yase-Yellowstone kuzogubuzela umhlaba wonke. Intuthu izokwenza kube nzima ukuthi imisebe yelanga idlule, okuzodala ukuqala kobusika obude. Izinga lokushisa emhlabeni ngokwesilinganiso lizokwehla liye kuma-degree angama -25. Lesi simo siyisongela kanjani iRussia? Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izwe kungenzeka ukuthi lingathinteki kulokhu kuqhuma uqobo, kepha imiphumela izothinta bonke abantu abasele, njengoba ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kuzozwakala kahle, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, ngeke kusabakhona zitshalo, bese kuba izilwane.
Sincoma ukufunda ngeNtaba i-Etna.
Izilinganiso zokuqhuma okukhulu
Akekho owaziyo ukuthi i-supervolcano izoqhuma nini, ngoba awukho umthombo onencazelo ethembekile yokuziphatha kwesigebenga esinjalo. Ngokuya kwedatha yokwakheka komhlaba, kuyaziwa ukuthi kube nokuqhuma kathathu emlandweni: eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2.1 edlule, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1,27 edlule, naseminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-640 edlule. Ngokusho kwezibalo, ukuqhuma okulandelayo kungahle kwehlele abantu besikhathi sakhe, kepha akekho owazi usuku oluqondile.
Ngo-2002, umsebenzi we-caldera wakhula, yingakho ucwaningo lwaqala kaningi endaweni yesiqiwu. Kwadonswa ukunaka ezintweni ezahlukahlukene endaweni lapho kukhona khona i-crater, phakathi kwazo:
- ukuzamazama komhlaba;
- umsebenzi wentabamlilo;
- amagiza;
- ukuhamba kwamapuleti we-tectonic;
- izinga lokushisa kwamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi eseduze;
- ukuziphatha kwezilwane.
Njengamanje, kunemikhawulo ekuvakasheni kwamahhala epaki, nasendaweni yokuqhuma okungenzeka, umnyango wezivakashi uvaliwe. Ukuqapha kuveze ukwanda komsebenzi wamagiza, kanye nokwanda kokuphakama kokuzamazama komhlaba. NgoSepthemba 2016, kwavela ividiyo ku-YouTube lapho le ndawo yaqala khona ukuqhuma, kepha isimo sentaba-mlilo i-Yellowstone asikashintshi kakhulu okwamanje. Kuyiqiniso, ukuthuthumela kuthola amandla, ngakho-ke ingozi iya ngokuya ikhula.
Kuwo wonke u-Okthoba, i-supervolcano ibhekwe ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba wonke umuntu efuna ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela "ngebhomu" lemvelo. Izithombe ezivela emkhathini zihlaziywa njalo, izixhumanisi zezindawo ezizamazama umhlaba ziyaphawulwa, kuyabhekwa ukuthi ngabe indawo ye-caldera iqhekekile.
Namuhla kunzima ukusho ukuthi kusele malini ngaphambi kokuqhuma, ngoba no-2019 kungenzeka abe owokugcina emlandweni wesintu. Kunezibikezelo eziningi ngenhlekelele ezayo, ngoba noWanga wabona ephusheni izithombe "zobusika benyukliya", okufana kakhulu nemiphumela ngemuva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo i-Yellowstone.
