UGarry Kimovich Kasparov (isibongo ngesikhathi sokuzalwa Weinstein; uhlobo. 1963) - Umdlali we-chess waseSoviet nowaseRussia, iqhawe lomhlaba le-13 le-chess, umbhali we-chess nosopolitiki, ovame ukubonwa njengomdlali we-chess omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni. International Grandmaster futhi Master ahlonishwe Sports of the USSR, iqhawe le-USSR (1981, 1988) futhi iqhawe Russia (2004).
Abaphumelele izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili kuma-World Chess Olympiads. Owinile we-11 chess "ama-Oscars" (imiklomelo yomdlali we-chess ohamba phambili wonyaka).
Ngo-1999, uGarry Kasparov wazuza isilinganiso sokuqoshwa samaphuzu angama-2851. Irekhodi labanjwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-13 laze laphulwa nguMagnus Carlsen.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaKasparov, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaGarry Kasparov.
Biography Kasparov
UGarry Kasparov wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 13, 1963 eBaku. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wonjiniyela.
Uyise, uKim Moiseevich Weinstein, wayesebenza njengonjiniyela wamandla, nonina, uKlara Shagenovna, owayenguchwepheshe wezokuzenzela nowe-telemechanics. Ngasohlangothini lobaba, u-grandmaster ungumJuda, futhi ngasohlangothini lomama - i-Armenia.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Abazali bakaKasparov babethanda i-chess, ngokuhlobene nabo ababevame ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-chess ezanyatheliswa emaphephandabeni. Ingane yayithanda ukuwabuka, izama ukungena kwimisebenzi.
Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho uHarry eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, waphakamisa kuyise isisombululo kwesinye sezinkinga, okwammangaza kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, inhloko yomndeni yaqala ukufundisa indodana yayo lo mdlalo ngokungathi sína.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva Kasparov wathunyelwa chess club. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wezwa ukulahlekelwa kokuqala okukhulu - ubaba wakhe wabulawa yi-lymphosarcoma. Ngemuva kwalokho, umama wazinikela ngokuphelele emsebenzini we-chess womfana.
Lapho uGarry eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, uKlara Shagenovna wanquma ukushintsha isibongo sendodana yakhe kusuka ku-Weinstein kuya kuKasparov.
Lokhu kungenxa yokulwa nobuJuda okwakukhona e-USSR. Umama wayengafuni ukuthi ubuzwe buvimbele ingane ekuzuzeni impumelelo kwezemidlalo. Eminyakeni engu-14, waba yilungu leKomsomol.
Chess
Ngo-1973, uGarry Kasparov wangeniswa esikoleni se-chess sikaMikhail Botvinnik. UBotvinnik waqonda masinyane ithalente kulo mfana, ngakho-ke wanikela ekutheni wafundiswa ngohlelo ngalunye.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uHarry wabamba iqhaza emqhudelwaneni wezingane, lapho akwazi khona ukudlala nogogo u-Yuri Averbakh futhi wamshaya. Lapho eneminyaka engaba ngu-12 ubudala waba ngumdlali we-chess junior chess wase-USSR. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi iningi lezimbangi zikaKasparov lalineminyaka eminingana ubudala kuye.
Ngo-1977, le nsizwa yaphinde yaba ngumnqobi wobuqhawe. Ngemuva kwalokho, wawina omunye umqhudelwano kwathi eneminyaka engu-17 waba ngumpetha wezemidlalo kwi-chess. Wabe esephothula iziqu nge-honours esikoleni futhi waba ngumfundi we-Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute, ekhetha umnyango wezilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Ngo-1980, emncintiswaneni owawuseBaku, uKasparov wakwazi ukufeza okujwayelekile kukakhokho. Wamenyezelwa njengompetha walo mqhudelwano ngaphandle kokuhlulwa nowodwa umdlalo. Wabe esethatha indawo yokuqala emncintiswaneni womhlaba omncane, owawuseJalimane.
Eminyakeni elandelayo yomlando wakhe wezemidlalo, uGarry Kasparov waqhubeka nokuwina imiklomelo, ethola ukuthandwa ngokwengeziwe emphakathini. Ngo-1985 waba yiqhawe lomhlaba le-13 emlandweni we-chess, eshaya u-Anatoly Karpov ngokwakhe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi uKasparov waba yinduna yomhlaba emlandweni we-chess - iminyaka engama-22 izinyanga eziyisithupha nezinsuku ezingama-27. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwakunguKarpov owayebhekwa njengembangi likaHarry elibi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbango wabo wabizwa ngokuthi "ama-K amabili".
Iminyaka engu-13 uKasparov uhlala engumholi wesilinganiso esihlonishwayo se-Elo nge-coefficient yamaphuzu we-2800. Ngama-80s, wawina ama-World Chess Olympiads amane njengengxenye yeqembu lesizwe laseSoviet.
Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, uHarry waqhubeka nokwandisa ukunqoba kwakhe emiqhudelwaneni emikhulu. Ikakhulu, wawina indawo yokuqala kuma-Olympiads amahlandla ama-4, edlalela iqembu lesizwe laseRussia.
Ngo-1996, le ndoda yasungula i-Chess Club kaKasparov, eyayifunwa kakhulu kwi-Intanethi. Ngemuva kwalokho, umdlalo wekhompyutha uHarry wethulwa ngokumelene nekhompyutha ethi "Deep Blue". Iqoqo lokuqala laphela ngokunqoba komsubathi, okwesibili - izimoto.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, umdlali we-chess wawina umdlalo ngokumelene nabo bonke abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abahlelwe yinhlangano ye-Microsoft. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu babuka umdlalo kaKasparov nabadlali be-chess be-amateur, owathatha izinyanga ezine.
Ngo-2004, uGarry waba ngumpetha we-chess waseRussia, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo wamemezela obala ukuthi wayeka ezemidlalo ngenxa yezepolitiki. Uthe kwi-chess ukwazile ukufeza konke aphupha ngakho.
Ezombusazwe
Lapho uVladimir Putin ekhethwa njengomongameli weRussia Federation, uKasparov wazwelana naye. Ukholelwe ukuthi inhloko entsha yombuso izokwazi ukususa izwe lisuke emadolweni alenze ngentando yeningi. Kodwa-ke, le ndoda yasheshe yadumala ngomongameli, yaba ngomunye wabaphikisi bayo.
Kamuva, uGarry Kimovich wahola inhlangano ephikisayo i-United Civil Front. Ngokubambisana nabalandeli bakhe, wagxeka izinqubomgomo zikaPutin nawo wonke uhulumeni okhona manje.
Ngo-2008 uKasparov wasungula inhlangano ephikisayo yezenhlalo nezepolitiki iSolidarity. Usebenze ukuhlela izenzo zokubhikisha, efuna ukuthi uMengameli ashushiswe. Kodwa-ke, imibono yakhe ayitholanga ukusekelwa okujulile kubantu bakubo.
Ehlobo lika-2013, umdlali we-chess umemezele ukuthi ngeke abuyele eRussia evela phesheya, ngoba wayefuna ukulwa "nezigebengu zaseKremlin" ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, iwebhusayithi kaGarry Kasparov, eyayifaka izingcingo zokuthi kwenziwe izenzo ezingekho emthethweni kanye nemibuthano enkulu, yavalwa nguRoskomnadzor. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, i-ECHR izokwamukela ukuvinjelwa njengokungekho emthethweni futhi izophoqelela iRussia ukuthi ikhokhele ingosi engu-10 000 euros.
Ngo-2014, uKasparov wakulahla ukuvaleliswa kweCrimea kuya eRussia. Uphinde wanxusa umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukuthi ukhuphule ingcindezi kuPutin. Ngo-2017, wacela abaseRussia ukuthi baludube ukhetho oluzayo lukamongameli.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Phakathi neminyaka yokuphila kwakhe siqu Kasparov wayeshade kathathu. Umkakhe wokuqala wayengumqondisi ohumusha uMaria Arapova. Kamuva, lo mbhangqwana waba nentombazane egama linguPauline. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4 beshadile, abantu abasha banquma ukuhamba.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uHarry washada nomfundi uYulia Vovk, owamzalela umfana, uVadim. Le nyunyana yathatha iminyaka engu-9.
Ngo-2005, Kasparov wehla ephaseji okwesithathu. Isithandwa sakhe kwakunguDaria Tarasova, owayemncane ngeminyaka engama-20 kunomyeni wakhe. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunendodakazi, u-Aida nendodana, uNikolai.
Maphakathi neminyaka yama-80s, le ndoda yahlangana nomlingisi uMarina Neyelova, okusolwa ukuthi wazala indodakazi yakhe uNika. UHarry uqobo uyasiphika lesi sitatimende, kanti uNeelova akazange aphawule ngobuhlobo babo nakancane.
UGarry Kasparov namuhla
Okwamanje Kasparov uyaqhubeka iqhaza ukuthuthukiswa chess e-Russian Federation. IChess Foundation, eqanjwe ngaye, ifuna lo mdlalo ube ngesinye sezifundo ezenziwa esikoleni.
UGarry Kimovich uyaqhubeka nokunxenxa umphakathi ukuthi wandise ingcindezi kuPutin nakubambisene nabo. Unama-akhawunti asemthethweni ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi, lapho eshiya khona imibono futhi alayishe izithombe ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izithombe zeKasparov