UGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) - Isazi sefilosofi, umakhenikha, isazi sezinkanyezi, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezibalo, owathonya kakhulu isayensi yangaleso sikhathi sakhe. Wayengomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa isibonakude ukubuka izinto ezisemkhathini futhi wenza ukutholwa okubalulekile kwezinkanyezi.
UGalileo ungumsunguli we-physics yokuhlola. Ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zakhe, wakwazi ukuphikisa imethaphysics yokuqagela ka-Aristotle futhi wabeka isisekelo semishini yakudala.
UGalileo waduma njengomsekeli oshisekayo wohlelo lomhlaba osenkabeni, okwaholela ezingxabanweni ezinkulu neSonto LamaKatolika.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaGalileo, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho umlando omfushane kaGalileo Galilei.
Umlando kaGalileo
UGalileo Galilei wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 15, 1564 edolobheni lase-Italy iPisa. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wesicebi esimpofu uVincenzo Galilei nomkakhe uJulia Ammannati. Sekukonke, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyisithupha, ezimbili zazo ezafa zisencane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uGalileo eneminyaka engaba ngu-8 ubudala, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eFlorence, lapho ubukhosi bakwaMedici bachuma khona, obaziwa ngokusekela abaculi nososayensi.
Lapha uGalileo waya ukuyofunda esigodlweni sezindela sendawo, lapho athathwa khona njengomuntu osanda kungena ezifundweni zezindela. Umfana waba nelukuluku nesifiso esikhulu solwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, waba omunye wabafundi abahle kakhulu esigodlweni sezindela.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uGalileo wayefuna ukuba ngumfundisi, kepha ubaba wakhe wayephikisana nezinhloso zendodana yakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngaphezu kwempumelelo yakhe emkhakheni wezokuqondisa okuyisisekelo, wayekwazi ukudweba futhi enesiphiwo somculo.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, uGalileo wangena eNyuvesi yasePisa, lapho afundela khona ubudokotela. Eyunivesithi waba nentshisekelo ngezibalo, okwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu kuye kangangokuthi inhloko yomndeni yaqala ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izibalo zizomphazamisa kwezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nsizwa enothando olukhulu yaba nentshisekelo kumqondo kaCopernicus wokuzungeza komhlaba.
Ngemuva kokufunda eyunivesithi iminyaka emithathu, uGalileo Galilei kwadingeka abuyele ekhaya, ngoba uyise wayengasakwazi ukukhokhela izifundo zakhe. Kodwa-ke, usosayensi ocebile we-amateur uMarquis Guidobaldo del Monte ukwazile ukunaka umfundi othembisayo, obheka amakhono amaningi omfana.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uMonte wake washo okulandelayo ngoGalileo: "Kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Archimedes, umhlaba ubungakazazi izihlakaniphi ezifana noGalileo." UMarquis wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukusiza le nsizwa ukuthi ibone imibono nolwazi lwayo.
Ngenxa yemizamo kaGuidobald, uGalileo wethulwa kuMbusi uFerdinand 1 weMedici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafaka isicelo sesikhundla esikhokhelwayo sesayensi yale nsizwa.
Sebenza eyunivesithi
Lapho uGalileo eneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, wabuyela eNyuvesi yasePisa, kodwa hhayi njengomfundi, kodwa njengoprofesa wezibalo. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wafunda ngokujulile hhayi izibalo kuphela, kodwa futhi nemishini.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, lo mfana wamenywa ukuba asebenze e-University of Padua ehlonishwayo, lapho afundisa khona iMathematics, Mechanics ne-Astronomy. Wayenegunya elikhulu phakathi kozakwabo, ngenxa yalokho umbono wakhe nemibono yakhe yathathwa ngokungathi sína kakhulu.
KwakusePadua lapho iminyaka ethela izithelo kakhulu yemisebenzi yesayensi kaGalileo yadlula. Ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe kwavela imisebenzi efana ne- "On Motion" ne- "Mechanics", eyayiphikisa imibono ka-Aristotle. Ngemuva kwalokho wakwazi ukwakha isibonakude lapho kwenzeka khona ukubuka izidalwa zasezulwini.
Ukutholwa okwenziwe nguGalileo ngesibonakude, wakuchaza kabanzi encwadini ethi "Star Messenger". Lapho ebuyela eFlorence ngo-1610, washicilela incwadi entsha ethi Letters on Sunspots. Lo msebenzi wabangela isivunguvungu sokugxekwa phakathi kwabefundisi bamaKatolika, okungalahlekisela usosayensi impilo yakhe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwakusebenza ngezinga elikhulu. UGalileo wabona ukuthi esikhathini esingeside esedlule, amaKatolika ashisa esigxotsheni uGiordano Bruno, owayengafuni ukuyeka imibono yakhe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uGalileo uqobo wayezibheka njengomKatolika oyisibonelo futhi akabonanga kunokuphikisana phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe nokwakheka kwendawo yonke emibonweni yesonto.
UGalileo wayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu, wafunda iBhayibheli futhi wakuthathela phezulu konke okwakulotshwe kulo. Ngokushesha, isazi sezinkanyezi siya eRoma ukuyokhombisa isibonakude saso kuPapa Paul 5.
Naphezu kokuthi abamele abefundisi bancoma le divayisi ngokufunda ngezindikimba zasezulwini, uhlelo lomhlaba olusazungeze umhlaba lusabacasula ngokweqile. UPapa, kanye nabalandeli bakhe, baqala ukulwa noGalileo, bembiza ngomhlubuki.
Icala elibhekene nososayensi laqalwa ngo-1615. Ngemuva konyaka, iKhomishini YaseRoma yamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi i-heliocentrism iyimbuka. Ngalesi sizathu, wonke umuntu othembele okungenani ngandlela thile kumqondo wohlelo lomhlaba osenkabeni washushiswa kanzima.
Ifilosofi
UGalileo ungumuntu wokuqala ukuguqula i-physics. Wayengumuntu othanda ukucabanga - indlela ngokuya ngesizathu esenza njengesisekelo solwazi nokwenza kwabantu.
Indawo yonke ingunaphakade futhi ayipheli. Kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, umdali wayo nguNkulunkulu. Akukho lutho esikhaleni olunganyamalala ngaphandle kokulandela - udaba luguqula kuphela ifomu lalo. Isisekelo sendawo yonke ebonakalayo ukunyakaza kwemishini yezinhlayiya, ngokuhlola ongafunda ngayo imithetho yendawo yonke.
Ngokuya ngalokhu, uGalileo waphikisa ngokuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wesayensi kufanele ususelwe kulwazi kanye nolwazi lwezinzwa zomhlaba. Isihloko sefilosofi esibaluleke kunazo zonke imvelo, ukutadisha lapho kungenzeka khona ukusondela eqinisweni kanye nomgomo oyisisekelo wakho konke okukhona.
I-physicist inamathele ezindleleni ezi-2 zesayensi yemvelo - yokulinga nokuncishiswa. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuqala, uGalileo wafakazela imicabango, futhi ngosizo lwesibili wasuka kolunye ucwaningo waya kolunye, ezama ukufeza inani eligcwele lolwazi.
Okokuqala, uGalileo Galilei wathembela ezimfundisweni zika-Archimedes. Egxeka imibono ka-Aristotle, akazange ayiphike indlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziswa isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwesibonakude ngo-1609, uGalileo waqala ukutadisha ngokucophelela ukuhamba kwezindikimba zasezulwini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wakwazi ukwenza isibonakude sesimanje, afinyelele izikhathi ezingama-32 ukukhuliswa kwezinto.
Ekuqaleni, uGalileo wahlola inyanga, wathola inqwaba yemigodi namagquma kuyo. Ukutholwa kokuqala kufakazele ukuthi uMhlaba ezindaweni zawo ezibonakalayo awufani nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini. Ngakho-ke, le ndoda yawuphikisa umqondo ka-Aristotle maqondana nomehluko phakathi kwendalo yasemhlabeni neyasezulwini.
Ukutholwa okubalulekile okulandelayo okuhlobene nokutholwa kweziphuphutheki ezi-4 zeJupiter. Ngenxa yalokhu, uziphikisile izimpikiswano zabaphikisi bakaCopernicus, abathi uma inyanga ihamba emhlabeni, umhlaba ngeke usakwazi ukuzungeza ilanga.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uGalileo Galilei ukwazile ukubona amabala ku-Sun. Ngemuva kokufunda isikhathi eside ngale nkanyezi, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ijikeleza eduze kwe-eksisi yayo.
Ephenya uVenus noMercury, usosayensi wanquma ukuthi basondelene neLanga kuneplanethi yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabona ukuthi uSaturn unamasongo. Wabuye wabona uNeptune futhi waze wachaza ezinye zezici zale planethi.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba ayenezinsimbi zomculo ezibuthakathaka, uGalileo akakwazanga ukuphenya ngokujulile izinkanyezi ezisemkhathini. Ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo oluningi nokuhlola, wanikeza ubufakazi obukholisayo bokuthi uMhlaba awugcini nje ngokuzungeza iLanga, kodwa nakwi-eksisi yawo.
Lokhu nokunye okutholakele kwaqinisekisa isazi sezinkanyezi ukuthi uNicolaus Copernicus wayengenzanga iphutha eziphethweni zakhe.
Imishini neMathematics
UGalileo wabona ukunyakaza ngomshini enhliziyweni yezinqubo zomzimba emvelweni. Wathola okuningi emkhakheni we-mechanics, futhi wabeka isisekelo sokutholakala okuqhubekayo ku-physics.
UGalileo waba ngowokuqala ukumisa umthetho wokuwa, okufakazela ngokuzama. Wethule ifomula ebonakalayo yokundiza kwento endiza nge-engeli iye endaweni evundlile.
Ukunyakaza kokufanisa komzimba ophonswe kudlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kwamatafula wezikhali.
UGalileo wasungula umthetho we-inertia, owaba yisisekelo esiyisisekelo sabomakhenikha. Wakwazi ukunquma iphethini yokukhishwa kwama-pendulum, okwaholela ekusungulweni kwewashi lokuqala le-pendulum.
Umakhenikha waba nentshisekelo ezindaweni zokumelana nezinto, okwathi kamuva kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwesayensi ehlukile. Imibono kaGalileo yakha isisekelo semithetho yemvelo. Ngezibalo, waba ngumbhali womqondo oyisisekelo - umzuzu wamandla.
Ngokucabanga ngezibalo, uGalileo wayesondele emcabangweni womqondo wokuthi kungenzeka. Wabeka imibono yakhe ngokuningiliziwe encwadini enesihloko esithi "Discourse on the game of dice."
Le ndoda ithathe impikiswano edumile yezibalo mayelana nezinombolo zemvelo nezikwele zazo. Izibalo zakhe zadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-set theory kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabo.
Ukungqubuzana nesonto
Ngo-1616, uGalileo Galilei kwadingeka angene emathunzini ngenxa yengxabano neSonto LamaKatolika. Uphoqeleke ukuthi agcine imibono yakhe iyimfihlo futhi angayikhulumi obala.
Isazi sezinkanyezi siveze imibono yaso encwadini ethi "The Assayer" (1623). Lo msebenzi kwakuwukuphela kwawo owashicilelwa ngemuva kokuqashelwa kukaCopernicus njengomhlubuki.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokushicilelwa ngo-1632 kwesivumelwano sokuhlukumezeka esithi "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world", iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yanikeza usosayensi ushushiso olusha. Abashushisi benkantolo bavula icala ngoGalileo. Waphinde wasolwa ngokuhlubuka, kepha kulokhu lolu daba lwashintsha kakhulu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesikhathi ehlala ePadua, uGalileo wahlangana noMarina Gamba, kamuva aqala ukuhlala naye ndawonye. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abasha baba nendodana, uVincenzo, namadodakazi amabili - uLivia noVirginia.
Njengoba umshado kaGalileo noMarina ungazange ubhaliswe ngokomthetho, lokhu kwaba nomthelela omubi ezinganeni zabo. Lapho amadodakazi esekhulile, aphoqwa ukuba abe yizindela. Eminyakeni engu-55 ubudala, isazi sezinkanyezi sakwazi ukwenza indodana yakhe ibe semthethweni.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uVincenzo wayenelungelo lokushada nentombazane futhi azale indodana. Ngokuzayo, umzukulu kaGalileo waba yindela. Iqiniso elithandekayo ngukuthi washisa imibhalo yesandla eyigugu kayisemkhulu ayeyigcina, ngoba yayithathwa njengengamhloniphi uNkulunkulu.
Ngenkathi UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kuvimbela uGalileo umthetho, wahlala endaweni ese-Arcetri, eyakhiwa eduze kwethempeli lamadodakazi.
Ukufa
Ngesikhathi eboshwe isikhashana ngo-1633, uGalileo Galilei waphoqeleka ukuba alahle umqondo "wokuhlubuka" we-heliocentrism, waboshwa ngokungapheli. Ubengaphansi kokuvalelwa endlini, ekwazi ukukhuluma nendilinga ethile yabantu.
Usosayensi wahlala e-villa kwaze kwaphela izinsuku zakhe. UGalileo Galilei ushone ngoJanuwari 8, 1642 eneminyaka engama-77. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, waba yimpumputhe, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekuqhubekeni nokufunda isayensi, esebenzisa usizo lwabafundi bakhe abathembekile: uViviani, uCastelli noTorricelli.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaGalileo, uPapa akazange avume ukuthi angcwatshwe e-crypt ye-Basilica yaseSanta Croce, njengoba isazi sezinkanyezi sifuna. UGalileo wakwazi ukufeza intando yakhe yokugcina ngo-1737 kuphela, ngemuva kwalokho ithuna lakhe laliseduze noMichelangelo.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, iSonto LamaKatolika lavuselela umqondo we-heliocentrism, kepha usosayensi wavunyelwa kuphela emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva. Iphutha lokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki laqashelwa kuphela ngo-1992 uPapa John Paul 2.
Izithombe zikaGalileo
