UFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) - Isazi sokucabanga saseJalimane, isazi sefilosofi esijwayelekile, umqambi wezimbongi, imbongi, umdali wemfundiso yefilosofi ehlukile, engeyona eyokufundisa futhi esabalele kude nomphakathi wesayensi nefilosofi.
Umqondo oyisisekelo uhlanganisa izindlela ezikhethekile zokuhlola iqiniso elibeka ukungabaza ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zezinhlobo ezikhona zokuziphatha, inkolo, amasiko kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Kubhalwe ngendlela ye-aphoristic, imisebenzi kaNietzsche ibonakala ngokungaqondakali, okwenza izingxoxo eziningi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaNietzsche, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaFriedrich Nietzsche.
I-Biography kaNietzsche
UFriedrich Nietzsche wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 15, 1844 edolobhaneni laseJalimane iReken. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womfundisi wamaLuthela uKarl Ludwig. Wayenodadewabo, u-Elizabeth, nomfowabo, uLudwig Joseph, owashona esemncane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaFriedrich yenzeke eneminyaka engu-5 ngemuva kokushona kukayise. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhuliswa nokunakekelwa kwezingane kwawela ngokuphelele emahlombe omama.
Lapho uNietzsche eneminyaka eyi-14, waqala izifundo zakhe ejimini, lapho afunda khona izincwadi zakudala ngentshisekelo enkulu, futhi wayethanda nomculo nefilosofi. Ngaleso sikhathi, waqala wazama ukubhala.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uFriedrich waphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo eNyuvesi yaseBonn, ekhetha ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. Impilo yomfundi yansuku zonke yashesha ukumkhathaza, futhi ubudlelwane bakhe nabanye abafundi babungebuhle neze. Ngalesi sizathu, uthathe isinqumo sokudlulisela eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig, namuhla eyunivesithi yesibili endala kunazo zonke endaweni yaseJalimane yanamuhla.
Kodwa-ke, nalapha ukutadisha i-philology akuzange kubangele injabulo enkulu eNietzsche. Ngasikhathi sinye, waphumelela kakhulu kulo mkhakha wesayensi kangangokuba kwathi lapho eneminyaka engama-24 kuphela ubudala, wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba uprofesa we-philology e-University of Basel (Switzerland).
Lokhu bekungumcimbi ongakaze ubonwe emlandweni wamanyuvesi aseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, uFrederick ngokwakhe akazange akujabulele kakhulu ukufundisa, yize engazange awushiye umsebenzi wakhe wobuprofesa.
Ngemuva kokusebenza isikhashana njengothisha, uNietzsche wanquma ukubulahla obala ubuzwe bakhe basePrussia. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wayengeke akwazi ukuhlanganyela eMpini YaseFranco-Prussian, eyagqashuka ngo-1870. Njengoba iSwitzerland yayingangeni kunoma yiliphi lamaqembu alwayo, uhulumeni wanqabela isazi sefilosofi ukuba sihlanganyele empini.
Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland zamvumela uFriedrich Nietzsche ukuba aye emkhakheni wokuhleleka kwezokwelapha. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho umfana ehamba ngekalishi elinamasosha alimele, wahlaselwa isifo sohudo kanye ne-diphtheria.
Ngendlela, uNietzsche wayengumntwana ogulayo kusukela ebuntwaneni. Wayehlala enenkinga yokuqwasha nekhanda, futhi lapho eneminyaka engama-30 wayesecishe angaboni ngokuphelele. Waphothula umsebenzi wakhe eBasel ngo-1879 lapho ethatha umhlalaphansi futhi waqala ukubhala.
Ifilosofi
Umsebenzi wokuqala kaFriedrich Nietzsche wakhishwa ngo-1872 futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "Ukuzalwa Kwenhlekelele kuMoya Womculo." Kuyo, umlobi waveza umbono wakhe nge-dualistic (imiqondo ehambisana nemigomo emi-2 ephikisanayo) imvelaphi yobuciko.
Ngemuva kwalokho, washicilela eminye imisebenzi eminingana, phakathi kwayo edume kakhulu kwakuyinoveli yefilosofi iThus Spoke Zarathustra. Kulo msebenzi, isazi sefilosofi sichaze imibono yakhe eyinhloko.
Le ncwadi yagxeka ubuKristu futhi yashumayela i-anti-theism - ukwenqatshwa kokholo kunoma yimuphi unkulunkulu. Wabuye wethula umqondo wendoda eyisimanga, okusho ukuthi isidalwa esithile esiphakeme ngamandla kumuntu wanamuhla njengoba nesidlula lesi inkawu.
Ukwenza lo msebenzi obalulekile, uNietzsche wakhuthazwa ngohambo oluya eRoma ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho ajwayelana khona kakhulu nomlobi nesazi sefilosofi uLou Salome.
UFriedrich wathola umoya womndeni kowesifazane, owayengenandaba naye kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuxoxa ngemibono emisha yefilosofi. Waze wamnikeza isandla nenhliziyo, kepha uLou wammema ukuthi azohlala engabangani.
U-Elizabeth, udadewabo kaNietzsche, wayenganelisekile ngethonya likaSalome kumfowabo futhi wanquma ngazo zonke izindlela ukuxabana nabangane bakhe. Wabhalela le ntokazi incwadi eyayithukuthele, eyasusa ingxabano phakathi kukaLou noFrederick. Kusukela lapho, abaphindanga bakhuluma.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi engxenyeni yokuqala kwezingu-4 zomsebenzi "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", ithonya likaSalome Lou kumcabangi walandelwa, kanye "nobungani babo obuhle" Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ingxenye yesine yencwadi yakhishwa ngo-1885 ngamakhophi angama-40 kuphela, amanye awo uNietzsche anikela ngawo kubangani.
Omunye wemisebenzi yokugcina kaFriedrich yiThe Will to Power. Lichaza lokho uNietzsche akubona njengamandla amakhulu okushayela kubantu - isifiso sokuthola isikhundla esiphakeme kunazo zonke empilweni.
Umcabangi wayengomunye wabokuqala ukubuza ubunye besihloko, ubukhulu bentando, iqiniso njengesisekelo esisodwa somhlaba, kanye nethuba lokuziphendulela okunengqondo ngezenzo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ababhali bomlando kaFriedrich Nietzsche namanje abakavumelani ngokuthi wayebaphatha kanjani abesifazane. Isazi sefilosofi sike sasho lokhu okulandelayo: "Abesifazane bangumthombo wabo bonke ubuwula nobuwula emhlabeni."
Kodwa-ke, njengoba ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe uFrederick ayishintsha kaningi imibono yakhe, wakwazi ukuba ngumuntu othanda abesifazane, owesifazane, futhi olwela amalungelo abesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuwukuphela kowesifazane ayemthanda, ngokusobala, nguLou Salome. Ukuthi wayezizwa imizwa yabanye abantu bobulili obufanele akwaziwa.
Isikhathi eside le ndoda yayinamathele kudadewabo, owayemsiza emsebenzini wakhe futhi emnakekela ngayo yonke indlela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubudlelwano phakathi kukadadewabo nomfowabo buye baba bucayi.
U-Elizabeth washada noBernard Foerster, owayengumsekeli oqinile wokulwa nobuJuda. Le ntombazane yabuye yadelela amaJuda, okwathukuthelisa uFrederick. Ubuhlobo babo bathuthuka kuphela eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwesazi sefilosofi esidinga usizo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Elizabeth waqala ukulahla ifa lemibhalo lomfowabo, wenza izichibiyelo eziningi emisebenzini yakhe. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi eminye yemibono yalowo ongqondongqondo yaba nezinguquko.
Ngo-1930, lo wesifazane waba ngumsekeli wemibono yamaNazi futhi wamema uHitler ukuba abe yisimenywa esihloniphekile seNietzsche Museum-archive, esungulwe nguye uqobo. UFuehrer empeleni wahambela umnyuziyamu amahlandla amaningi waze wayala nokuthi u-Elizabeth anikezwe impesheni yempilo.
Ukufa
Umsebenzi wobuciko wale ndoda waphela cishe unyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ngenxa yokugcwala kwengqondo yakhe. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuquleka okubangelwe ukushaya ihhashi phambi kwamehlo akhe.
Ngokusho kolunye uhlobo, uFrederick wezwa ukushaqeka okukhulu ngenkathi ebuka ukushaywa kwesilwane, okwaba imbangela yokugula kwengqondo okuqhubekayo. Wangeniswa esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1890.
Kamuva, umama osekhulile wathatha indodana yakhe waya nayo ekhaya. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, wathola imivimbo emi-2 engaphepheki, lapho wayengasakwazi ukululama khona. UFriedrich Nietzsche ushone ngo-Agasti 25, 1900 eneminyaka engama-55.
Izithombe ze-Nietzsche
