Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (esigodlweni U-Alexy; 1221-1263) - INkosana yaseNovgorod, uMbusi Omkhulu waseKiev, uMbusi Omkhulu waseVladimir kanye nomholi wezempi. ERussia Orthodox Church wagcotshwa.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Alexander Nevsky, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Alexander Nevsky.
Biography Aleksandra Nevskogo
Alexander Nevsky wazalwa ngoMeyi 13, 1221 edolobheni lasePereslavl-Zalessky. Wayeyindodana yenkosana yasePereyaslavl (kamuva waba yinkosana yaseKiev noVladimir) uYaroslav Vsevolodovich nomkakhe, iNdlovukazi uRostislava Mstislavna.
U-Alexander wayenabafowabo abangu-8: uFedor, u-Andrey, uMikhail, uDaniel, uKonstantin, uYaroslav, u-Athanasius noVasily, kanye nodadewabo ababili - uMaria no-Ulyana.
Lapho umkhuzi wamasosha eseneminyaka engaphansi kwe-4 ubudala, yena nabafowabo benza umkhosi wokuthwasa abe ngamaqhawe ahlelwe nguyise. Ngo-1230 u-Yaroslav Vsevolodovich wabeka amadodana akhe, u-Alexander noFyodor, ekubuseni kukaNovgorod.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uFedor washona, okwaholela ekutheni u-Alexander Nevsky abonakale eyinhloko yedolobha elizimele.
Imikhankaso yezempi
I-biography ka-Alexander isondelene kakhulu nezimpi. Emkhankasweni wakhe wokuqala, isikhulu sahamba nobaba waso baya eDorpat, befuna ukuphinda bawuthathe lo muzi kubantu baseLivonia. Kuleyo mpi, amasosha aseRussia anqoba ama-knights.
Kwabe sekuqala impi Smolensk nebutho Lithuanian, lapho ukunqoba waya ibutho Alexander Yaroslavovich. NgoJulayi 15, 1240, kwaba neMpi edumile yaseNeva phakathi kwamaSweden namaRussia. Abokuqala bazama ukuqonda iLadoga, kepha bahluleka ukufeza inhloso yabo.
U-Alexander, ngaphandle kosizo lwebutho elikhulu, wanqoba isitha lapho kuhlangana khona imifula i-Izhora neNeva. Kwakungemva kwalokhu kunqoba okungumlando lapho isikhulu saseNovgorod saqala ukubizwa ngo-Alexander Nevsky.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ubukhona bempi baziwa kuphela emithonjeni yaseRussia, kanti emlandweni waseSweden akukho lapho kukhulunywa khona ngempi. Umthombo wokuqala okushiwo ngawo le mpi yiNovgorod First Chronicle, yangekhulu le-14.
Ngokwalo mbhalo, ngemuva kokuthola izindaba zokuhlasela kwemikhumbi yaseSweden, inkosana yaseNovgorod eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala u-Alexander Yaroslavich washeshe wasusa iqembu lakhe elincane nabantu bendawo ukuba balwe nesitha ngaphambi kokuba afike eLake Ladoga.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwempi yokunqoba, amaNovgorod boyars aqala ukwesaba ithonya elikhulayo lika-Alexander. Ngokusebenzisa izingobe ezahlukahlukene nobunzima, bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu siya kuVladimir kuyise.
Ngokushesha ibutho laseJalimane laya ekulweni neRussia, langena ePskov, eIzborsk, eVozhsky kanye naseKoporye. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-knights asondela eNovgorod. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-boyars ngokwawo aqala ukuncenga uNevsky ukuba abuye azowasiza.
Ngo-1241 umphathi wamabutho wafika eNovgorod. Kanye nethimba lakhe, wakhulula uPskov, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 5, 1242, kwaba nempi eyingqophamlando eLake Peipsi, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi yi-Battle of the Ice. U-Alexander wabhekana namaTeutonic Knights, ayeyilungiselele kahle impi.
Ngokubona ukuthi isitha sasihlome kangcono kakhulu, isikhulu saseRussia saqala iqhinga. Wayenga izitha ezazembethe ingubo esindayo eqhweni elincanyana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iqhwa alikwazanga ukumelana nezinhlamvu ezisindayo zamaJalimane futhi laqala ukuqhekeka.
AmaTeuton aqala ukuminza futhi ahlakazeka azungeze ngokwesaba. Kodwa-ke, abagibeli bamahhashi baseRussia abahlasela bevela ezinhlangothini bamisa ngempumelelo noma yimiphi imizamo yokubaleka. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yeqhwa, i-knightly oda lashiya konke ukunqoba kwakamuva.
Yize kunjalo, naphezu kokunqoba abaseLivonia, amaNovgorodians awazange athathe sinyathelo sokudlulela ngasentshonalanga ngaseFinland noma e-Estonia.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, u-Alexander Nevsky wakhulula iTorzhok, Toropets neBezhetsk, ezazingaphansi kwamaLithuania. Wabe esedlula futhi wanqoba ngokuphelele izinsalela zebutho laseLithuania.
Indikimba ebusayo
Ngemuva kokufa kukayise ka-Alexander ngo-1247, waba yinkosana yaseKiev. Ngaleso sikhathi, iRussia yayingaphansi kwejoka lamaTatar namaMongol.
Ngemuva kokuhlasela kweLivonia, uNevsky uqhubeke nokuqinisa iNyakatho Ntshonalanga yeRussia. Wathumela izithunywa zakhe eNorway, okwaholela ekuphethweni kwesivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kweRussia neNorway ngo-1251. U-Alexander wahola ibutho lakhe elibhekise eFinland, lapho aphumelela khona ukunqoba abaseSweden, abenza omunye umzamo wokuvimba uLwandle iBaltic kubantu baseRussia ngo-1256.
UNevsky wavele waba ngusopolitiki ohlakaniphile futhi obona kude. Wenqaba imizamo yenkosi yamaRoma yokudala impi phakathi kweRussia neGolden Horde, ngoba wayeqonda ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi amaTatar ayenamandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabona ukuthi wayengathembela ekusekelweni yiHorde uma othile ezama ukuphikisa igunya lakhe.
Ngo-1252 u-Andrei noJaroslav, abafowabo bakaNevsky, baya empini belwa namaTatar, kodwa bahlulwa ngokuphelele yibo. Andrew waze kwadingeka abalekele eSweden, ngenxa yalokho ubukhulu uVladimir wadlulisela Alexander.
Indima ka-Alexander Nevsky emlandweni ihlolwe ngochwepheshe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Yize umkhuzi evikela njalo umhlaba wakhe kubahlaseli baseNtshonalanga, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokungangabazeki wabalalela ababusi beHorde.
Isikhulu lesi besivame ukuvakashela iBatu, simqinisekisa ngokuthi siyameseka. Ngo-1257 waze wavakashela naseNovgorod namanxusa amaTatar ukuyoqinisekisa uHorde ngosizo lwakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uVasily, indodana ka-Alexander, ephikisana namaTatar, uNevsky wayala ukuba adingiselwe ezweni lakwaSuzdal, futhi esikhundleni sakhe, uDmitry, owayeneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-7, kufanele aboshwe. Ngalesi sizathu, inqubomgomo yomkhuzi ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengokukhohlisa.
Ngo-1259, u-Alexander Nevsky, ngokusongelwa ngokuhlasela kwamaTatar, wanxenxa amaNovgorodians ukuba aqoqe intela kumaHorde. Lesi esinye isenzo sikaNevsky, esingamhloniphi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1239, isikhulu sathatha indodakazi kaBryachislav wasePolotsk ogama lakhe lingu-Alexander. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawunentombazane u-Evdokia nabafana abane: uVasily, uDmitry, u-Andrey noDaniel.
Kukhona inguqulo ngokuya lapho uNevsky wayenenkosikazi yesibili - uVassa. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi uVassa yigama lezindela lomkakhe u-Alexandra.
Ukufa
Ngo-1262 u-Alexander Nevsky waya eHorde, efisa ukuvimbela umkhankaso ohleliwe wamaTatar-Mongol. Kwabangelwa ukubulawa kwabaqoqi bentela baseHorde emadolobheni amaningi aseRussia.
Embusweni waseMongolia, umkhuzi wamasosha wagula kakhulu, wabuyela ekhaya esaphila. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, u-Alexander wenza isifungo se-monastic ngaphansi kwegama lika-Alexis. Isenzo esinjalo, kanye nokwenqaba njalo kwabefundisi baseRoma ukwamukela ubuKatolika, kwenza inkosana yaba yintandokazi phakathi kwabefundisi baseRussia.
U-Alexander Nevsky ushone ngoNovemba 14, 1263 eneminyaka engama-42. Wangcwatshwa eVladimir, kodwa ngo-1724 uPeter Omkhulu wayala ukuba kungcwatshwe kabusha amathambo enkosana eSt. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky Monastery.
Isithombe ngu-Alexander Nevsky
