U-Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939) - uthisha odumile emhlabeni, uthisha, umbhali weprozi nomlobi wemidlalo. Ngokusho kwe-UNESCO, ungomunye wabafundisi abane (kanye noDewey, Kershenshteiner noMontessori) abachaze indlela yokucabanga kwezemfundo ngekhulu lama-20.
Wanikela kakhulu empilweni yakhe ekufundiseni kabusha kwentsha enzima, eyabe isiyizakhamuzi ezigcina umthetho ezathola ukuphakama okukhulu empilweni.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaMakarenko, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Anton Makarenko.
Biography Makarenko
U-Anton Makarenko wazalwa ngoMashi 1 (13), 1888 edolobheni laseBelopole. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wesisebenzi sesitimela uSemyon Grigorievich nomkakhe uTatyana Mikhailovna.
Kamuva, abazali bakathisha wakusasa baba nomfana nentombazane abashona besebancane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngesikhathi eseyingane, u-Anton wayengeyimiqemane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wayengavamile ukudlala nabafana egcekeni, echitha isikhathi eside nezincwadi.
Yize inhloko yomndeni yayiyisisebenzi esilula, yayithanda ukufunda, ngokuba nomtapo wolwazi omkhulu ngokwanele. Ngokushesha u-Anton wakha i-myopia, ngenxa yalokho aphoqeleka ukugqoka izibuko.
UMakarenko wayevame ukuhlukunyezwa ontanga yakhe, bembiza ngokuthi "bespectacled". Lapho eneminyaka engu-7, wafunda amabanga aphansi, lapho akhombisa khona ikhono elihle kuzo zonke izifundo.
Lapho u-Anton eneminyaka engu-13, yena nabazali bakhe bathuthela edolobheni laseKryukov. Lapho waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe esikoleni sendawo seminyaka emine, wase eqeda izifundo zokufundisa unyaka owodwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uMakarenko wakwazi ukufundisa umthetho ezinganeni zesikole.
Ukufundisa
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokufundisa, u-Anton Semenovich wangena ePoltava Teachers University. Uthole amamaki aphakeme kakhulu kuyo yonke imikhakha, okuholela ekutheni aphothule iziqu zakhe enyuvesi ngeziqu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-biographies Makarenko aqala ukubhala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala. Uthumele indaba yakhe yokuqala ethi "A Stupid Day" kuMaxim Gorky, efuna ukwazi umbono wakhe ngomsebenzi wakhe.
Kamuva, uGorky waphendula u-Anton. Encwadini yakhe, wayigxeka kakhulu indaba yakhe. Ngalesi sizathu, uMakarenko wayeka ukubhala iminyaka engu-13.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Anton Semenovich uzogcina ubudlelwane obuhle noGorky impilo yakhe yonke.
UMakarenko waqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwakhe oludumile lokufundisa ekoloni labasebenzi lezigebengu ezisencane ezisemzaneni waseKovalevka eduze nasePoltava. Wazama ukuthola indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokufundisa intsha.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi u-Anton Makarenko wafunda imisebenzi yothisha abaningi, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo owamjabulisa. Kuzo zonke izincwadi, kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kufundiswe izingane ngendlela enokhahlo, okungavumeli ukutholakala kokuxhumana phakathi kukathisha nezigceme.
Ukuthatha ubuhlongandlebe bezingane ngaphansi kwephiko lakhe, uMakarenko wabahlukanisa ngamaqembu, owanikela ngabo ukuhlomisa impilo yabo ngezandla zabo. Lapho ethatha isinqumo ngezinkinga ezibalulekile, wayehlala ebonisana nabafana, ebazisa ukuthi umbono wabo ubaluleke kakhulu kuye.
Ekuqaleni, abafundi babevame ukuziphatha kabi, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baqala ukukhombisa inhlonipho eyengeziwe ngo-Anton Makarenko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izingane ezindala zithathe isinyathelo ezandleni zazo, zafundisa kabusha izingane ezincane.
Ngakho-ke, uMakarenko ukwazile ukwenza uhlelo olusebenzayo lapho abafundi abake baba nesibindi baba "ngabantu abajwayelekile" futhi bafuna ukudlulisela imibono yabo esizukulwaneni esisha.
U-Anton Makarenko ukhuthaze izingane ukuthi zilwele ukuthola imfundo ukuze zithole umsebenzi ofanelekile ngokuzayo. Ubuye wanaka kakhulu imisebenzi yamasiko. Kuleli koloni, imidlalo yayivame ukuhlelwa, lapho abalingisi babengabafundi abafanayo.
Impumelelo evelele emkhakheni wezemfundo nowokufundisa yenze le ndoda yaba ngomunye wabantu abadumile emasikweni omhlaba nasekufundiseni.
Kamuva uMakarenko wathunyelwa ukuhola elinye ikoloni eduze kwaseKharkov. Iziphathimandla zazifuna ukuhlola ukuthi uhlelo lwayo lwaluyimpumelelo yini noma ukuthi lwalusebenza ngempela yini.
Endaweni entsha, u-Anton Semenovich wasungula ngokushesha izinqubo eseziqinisekisiwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wahamba nezingane eziningana zasemgwaqweni ezivela kuleli koloni elidala elamsiza wasebenza.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMakarenko, intsha enzima yaqala ukuphila impilo ehloniphekile, yaqeda imikhuba emibi namakhono amasela. Izingane zahlwanyela amasimu zase zivuna isivuno esiningi, zaphinde zakhiqiza nemikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezihlala emgwaqweni zifunde ukwenza amakhamera we-FED. Ngakho-ke, intsha ingazondla ngokuzimela, cishe ngaphandle kokudinga uxhaso kuhulumeni.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-biographies ka-Anton Makarenko abhala imisebenzi emi-3: "Mashi wama-30", "FD-1" kanye nenganekwane ethi "Pedagogical Poem". UGorky ofanayo wamkhuthaza ukuthi abuyele ekubhaleni.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uMakarenko wadluliselwa eKiev esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko yomsizi woMnyango Wezabasebenzi. Ngo-1934 wangeniswa ku-Union of Soviet Writers. Lokhu kudalwe kakhulu "Inkondlo Yokufundisa", lapho achaze khona uhlelo lokukhuliswa kwakhe ngamagama alula, futhi waletha namaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo avela kumlando wakhe.
Ngokushesha kwabhalwa isiqalekiso ngokumelene no-Anton Semenovich. Wayesolwa ngokugxeka uJoseph Stalin. Wexwayiswa ngozakwabo bakudala, wakwazi ukuthuthela eMoscow, lapho aqhubeka khona nokubhala izincwadi.
Kanye nomkakhe, uMakarenko ushicilela "Incwadi Yabazali", lapho eveza khona umbono wakhe wokukhulisa izingane. Yathi yonke ingane idinga iqembu, nokuyinto eyamsiza ukuthi ajwayele umphakathi.
Kamuva, ngokususelwa emisebenzini yombhali, kuzothathwa amafilimu anjenge- "Pedagogical Poem", "Amafulegi kuTowers" nethi "Okukhulu Nokuncane".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isithandwa sokuqala sika-Anton kwakuyintombazane egama lingu-Elizaveta Grigorovich. Ngesikhathi somhlangano noMakarenko, u-Elizaveta wayeshade nomfundisi, owabazisa ngempela.
Eminyakeni engu-20 ubudala, lo mfana wayenebudlelwano obubi nabangane bakhe, ngenxa yalokho ayefuna ukuzibulala. Ukuvikela le nsizwa esenzweni esinjalo, umpristi ube nezingxoxo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa naye, okubandakanya unkosikazi wakhe u-Elizabeth ezingxoxweni.
Ngokushesha, abantu abasha babona ukuthi babethandana. Lapho ubaba ka-Anton ezwa ngalokhu, wamxosha ekhaya. Noma kunjalo, uMakarenko wayengafuni ukushiya othandekayo wakhe.
Kamuva, u-Anton Semyonovich, kanye Elizabeth, uzosebenza koloni Gorky. Ubuhlobo babo bahlala iminyaka engu-20 futhi baphela ngesinqumo sikaMakarenko.
Uthisha wangena emshadweni osemthethweni eneminyaka engama-47 kuphela. Ngomfazi wakhe wakusasa, uGalina Stakhievna, wahlangana emsebenzini. Lo wesifazane wayesebenza njengomhloli wePublic's Commissariat for Supervision futhi wake weza kuleli koloni ezohlolwa.
Kusukela emshadweni owedlule, uGalina wayenendodana, uLev, uMakarenko ayithatha futhi yamkhulisa njengeyakhe. Wayenendodakazi yokutholwa, u-Olympias, eyayisele kumfowabo uVitaly.
Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi i-White Guard Vitaly Makarenko kwadingeka ashiye eRussia ebusheni bakhe. Wathuthela eFrance, eshiya umkakhe owayekhulelwe.
Ukufa
U-Anton Semenovich Makarenko ushone ngo-Ephreli 1, 1939 eneminyaka engama-51. Wadlula emhlabeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezingajwayelekile.
Le ndoda ishone ngokuzumayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingakacaci namanje. Ngokwenguqulo esemthethweni, ubulawe yisifo senhliziyo esehlele emotweni yesitimela.
Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona amahemuhemu amaningi wokuthi uMakarenko kwakufanele aboshwe, ngakho-ke inhliziyo yakhe ayikwazanga ukumelana nokucindezeleka okunjalo.
Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuveze ukuthi inhliziyo kathisha ibinomonakalo ongajwayelekile odalwa wubuthi. Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekiswa kobuthi akuboniswanga.
Izithombe zeMakarenko
