UPetr Leonidovich Kapitsa - Isazi sefilosofi saseSoviet, unjiniyela kanye nomqambi. V. Lomonosov (1959). Wayeyilungu le-USSR Academy of Sciences, iRoyal Society yaseLondon kanye ne-US National Academy of Sciences. I-Chevalier yama-oda ayi-6 kaLenin.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaPyotr Kapitsa azokuhlaba umxhwele impela.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaPeter Kapitsa.
Umlando kaPeter Kapitsa
UPetr Kapitsa wazalwa ngoJuni 26 (Julayi 8) 1894 eKronstadt. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini ofundile.
Uyise, uLeonid Petrovich, wayengunjiniyela wezempi, futhi unina, u-Olga Ieronimovna, wafunda izinganekwane nezincwadi zezingane.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uPeter eneminyaka engu-11, abazali bakhe bamthumela ehholo lokuzivocavoca. Isihloko esinzima kakhulu kumfana kwakunguLatin, ayengakwazi ukusazi kahle.
Ngalesi sizathu, ngonyaka olandelayo uKapitsa wadlulisela eKronstadt School. Lapha wathola amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha, waphothula ngeziqu.
Emva kwalokho, le nsizwa yacabanga ngokujulile ngempilo yayo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngenxa yalokho, wangena eSt. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute eMnyangweni Wezobuchwepheshe.
Ngokushesha, lo mfundi onethalente wenza usosayensi odumile u-Abram Iebe azinake. Uthisha wamnikeza umsebenzi elabhorethri yakhe.
U-Iebe wenze konke okusemandleni akhe ukwenza uPyotr Kapitsa abe nguchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1914 wamsiza ukuba aye eScotland. Kukuleli lizwe lapho umfundi abanjwa khona yiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918).
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uKapitsa wakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya, ngemuva kwalokho waya ngaphambili. I-physicist encane yayisebenza njengomshayeli ku-ambulensi.
Ngo-1916, uPyotr Kapitsa wehliswa esikhundleni, emuva kwalokho wabuyela eSt. Petersburg, lapho aqhubeka khona nokwenza imisebenzi yesayensi. Kwakungaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe lapho kwashicilelwa khona indatshana yakhe yokuqala.
Umsebenzi weSayensi
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuvikela idiploma yakhe, u-Iebe waqinisekisa ukuthi uPeter uqashwa eRoentgenological and Radiological Institute. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umeluleki wamsiza ukuba aye phesheya ukuze athole ulwazi olusha.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu ukuthola imvume yokuhambela phesheya. Sibonga ukungenelela kukaMaxim Gorky, uKapitsa ovunyelwe ukuya eGreat Britain.
EBrithani, umfundi waseRussia waba yisisebenzi seCavendish Laboratory. Umholi wayo wayengusosayensi omkhulu u-Ernest Rutherford. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, uPeter wayesevele eyisisebenzi saseCambridge.
Nsuku zonke usosayensi osemusha wakhulisa amathalente akhe, ekhombisa izinga eliphakeme lolwazi lokucabanga nolusebenzayo. UKapitsa waqala ukuphenya ngokujulile isenzo samandla amakhulu kazibuthe, enza izivivinyo eziningi.
Omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ye-physicist kwakuwukufunda ngomzuzu kazibuthe we-athomu osendaweni engazibandakanyi kazibuthe, kanye noNikolai Semenov. Ucwaningo luholele ekuhlolweni kwe-Stern-Gerlach.
Eminyakeni engama-28, uPyotr Kapitsa wavikela ngempumelelo iziqu zakhe zobudokotela, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yiphini lomqondisi welabhorethri ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwamagnetic.
Kamuva, uPeter Leonidovich wayeyilungu leRoyal Society yaseLondon. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, waphenya ukuguqulwa kwenuzi nokubola kwemisebe.
UKapitsa ukwazile ukuklama imishini evumela ukuhlela amandla kazibuthe anamandla. Ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukufeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kule ndawo, edlula bonke ababengaphambi kwakhe.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ukufaneleka kukasosayensi waseRussia kwaphawulwa nguLev Landau uqobo.
Ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe, uPyotr Kapitsa wanquma ukubuyela eRussia, ngoba kwakudingeka izimo ezifanele zokutadisha i-physics ephansi.
Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zajabula ngokubuya kukasosayensi. Kodwa-ke, uKapitsa wabeka umbandela owodwa: ukumvumela ukuthi ashiye iSoviet Union nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi uhulumeni waseSoviet wayisula i-visa kaPeter Kapitsa waseBrithani. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi akasenalo ilungelo lokushiya iRussia.
Ososayensi baseBrithani bazame ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuthonya izenzo ezingenabulungiswa zobuholi baseSoviet, kodwa yonke imizamo yabo ayiphumelelanga.
Ngo-1935, uPetr Leonidovich waba yinhloko ye-Institute for Physical Problems e-Russian Academy of Sciences. Wayeyithanda isayensi kangangokuba ukukhohliswa kweziphathimandla zaseSoviet akuzange kumenze ayeke umsebenzi.
UKapitsa ucele imishini abesebenza kuyo eNgilandi. Ehlehliswa yilokho okwakwenzeka, uRutherford wanquma ukungaphazamisi ukuthengiswa kwemishini eSoviet Union.
Isazi saqhubeka nokuhlola emkhakheni wamandla kazibuthe aqinile. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana, wathuthukisa ukufakwa kwe-turbine, ngenxa yokuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-liquefaction yomoya kukhuphuke kakhulu. I-Helium ipholile ngokuzenzakalela ku-expander.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi imishini enjalo isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke namuhla. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala okuyinhloko ku-biography kaPyotr Kapitsa kwakuyinto ye-helium superfluidity.
Ukushoda kwe-viscosity yale nto emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-2 ° C kwakuyisiphetho esingalindelekile. Ngakho-ke, i-physics ye-quantum liquids yavela.
Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zalandela eduze umsebenzi wososayensi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wanikezwa ukuthi abambe iqhaza ekudalweni kwebhomu le-athomu.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi uPetr Kapitsa wenqabile ukusebenzisana, yize iziphakamiso zazimlungele. Ngenxa yalokho, wasuswa emsebenzini wesayensi futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-8 eboshelwe endlini.
Ecindezelwe nhlangothi zonke, uKapitsa wayengafuni ukwamukela okwakwenzeka. Ngokushesha wakwazi ukwakha i-laboratory e-dacha yakhe. Lapho wenza izivivinyo futhi wafunda amandla we-thermonuclear.
UPyotr Kapitsa wakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi ngokuphelele ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin. Ngaleso sikhathi wayefunda iplasma enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.
Kamuva, ngesisekelo semisebenzi ye-physicist, kwakhiwa i-reactor ye-thermonuclear. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKapitsa wayenesithakazelo kuzakhiwo zombani webhola, ama-microwave generator kanye ne-plasma.
Eminyakeni engama-71 uPyotr Kapitsa waklonyeliswa ngendondo kaNiels Bohr, ayithola eDenmark. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, waba nenhlanhla yokuvakashela iMelika.
Ngo-1978 uKapitsa wathola iNobel Prize in Physics ngocwaningo lwakhe ngamazinga okushisa aphansi.
Isazi se-physicist saqanjwa ngokuthi "i-Kapend's pendulum" - into eyenzeka ngomshini ekhombisa ukuzinza ngaphandle kwezimo zokulingana. Umphumela weKapitza-Dirac ukhombisa ukusakazeka kwama-electron esikhaleni segagasi le-electromagnetic.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaPetru kwakunguNadezhda Chernosvitova, owashada naye eneminyaka engu-22. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana waba nomfana uJerome nentombazane uNadezhda.
Konke bekuhamba kahle kuze kube umzuzu lapho wonke umndeni, ngaphandle kukaKapitsa, wahlaselwa umkhuhlane waseSpain. Ngenxa yalokho, umkakhe nezingane zombili babulawa yilesi sifo esesabekayo.
UPeter Kapitsa wasizwa ngunina ukuthi asinde kule nhlekelele, owenza konke okusemandleni ukudambisa ukuhlupheka kwendodana yakhe.
Ekwindla ka-1926, i-physicist yahlangana no-Anna Krylova, owayeyindodakazi yomunye wozakwabo. Abantu abasha bakhombise ukuthandana, ngenxa yalokho banquma ukushada ngonyaka olandelayo.
Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana waba nabafana ababili - uSergey no-Andrey. Kanye no-Anna, uPeter waphila iminyaka engama-57 ende. Ngomyeni wakhe, owesifazane wayengeyena nje unkosikazi othembekile, kodwa futhi wayengumsizi emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi.
Ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala, uKapitsa wayethanda i-chess, ukulungisa iwashi nokubaza.
UPetr Leonidovich wazama ukulandela isitayela asithuthukisa ngesikhathi esaphila eGreat Britain. Wayengumlutha kagwayi futhi wakhetha ukugqoka amasudi ama-tweed.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKapitsa wayehlala endlini encane enesitayela sesiNgisi.
Ukufa
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, usosayensi waseRussia wakhombisa intshisekelo enkulu kwisayensi. Uqhubeke nokusebenza e-laboratory futhi wahola i-Institute for Physical Problems.
Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, lo mfundi waba nesifo sohlangothi. UPetr Leonidovich Kapitsa ushone ngo-Ephreli 8, 1984, engaphaphami, eneminyaka engama-89.
Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, i-physicist yayiyisishoshovu esisebenzayo sokulwela ukuthula. Wayengumsekeli wokuhlanganiswa kososayensi baseRussia nabaseMelika. Ukumkhumbula, iRussia Academy of Sciences yasungula iP. L. Kapitsa Gold Medal.
Isithombe nguPetr Kapitsa
